Generally neutral odds for warmer winter in SA

The South Australian outlook for maximum and minimum temperatures averaged over winter (June to August) generally shows no moderate or strong shifts in the odds towards either warmer than normal or cooler than normal conditions.

The pattern of seasonal temperature odds across Australia is due to recent higher than average temperatures in tropical areas of both the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with more influence coming from the Pacific. Averaged over June to August, the chances are mainly between 55 and 60% for above-normal maximum temperatures in SA (see map). The far west and far north of the State are exceptions; the chances are in the 60-65% range in these parts. So in years with ocean patterns like the current, about five or six winters out of every ten are expected to be warmer than average in SA, with about four or five out of ten being cooler. Outlook confidence is related to how consistently the Pacific and Indian Oceans affect Australian temperatures. During winter, history shows this effect on maximum temperatures to be moderately consistent over most of the State (see background information). Average winter minimum temperatures are favoured to be warmer than normal across the far northern fringes of South Australia (see map). The chances of increased overnight warmth (averaged over winter) in this part of the State are between 60 and 65%. In remaining areas the probabilities are in the neutral 45 to 60% range. History shows the oceans' effect on minimum temperatures in winter to be moderately consistent over large parts of the state, except for parts of the southeast where the influence is only weakly or very weakly consistent.

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THE NEXT ISSUE OF THE SEASONAL OUTLOOK IS EXPECTED BY 26^th JUNE 2007

Corresponding rainfall outlook

Maximum temperature departures from average for February to April 2007 - base period 1961-1990

Minimum temperature departures from average for February to April 2007 - base period 1961-1990

Background Information

• The Bureau's seasonal outlooks are general statements about the probability or risk of wetter or drier than average weather over a three-month period. The outlooks are based on the statistics of chance (the odds) taken from Australian rainfall/temperatures and sea surface temperature records for the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. They are not, however, categorical predictions about future rainfall, and they are not about rainfall within individual months of the three-month outlook period. The temperature outlooks are for the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the entire three-month outlook period. Information about whether individual days or weeks may be unusually hot or cold, is unavailable.

• This outlook is a summary. More detail is available from the contact people or from SILO (www.bom.gov.au/silo/products/SClimate.shtml).

• Probability outlooks should not be used as if they were categorical forecasts. More on probabilities is contained in the booklet The Seasonal Climate Outlook - What it is and how to use it, available from the National Climate Centre. These outlooks should be used as a tool in risk management and decision making. The benefits accrue from long-term use, say over 10 years. At any given time, the probabilities may seem inaccurate, but taken over several years, the advantages of taking account of the risks should outweigh the disadvantages. For more information on the use of probabilities, farmers could contact their local departments of agriculture or primary industry.

• Model Consistency and Outlook Confidence: Strong consistency means that tests of the model on historical data show a high correlation between the most likely outlook category (above/below median) and the verifying observation (above/below median). In this situation relatively high confidence can be placed in the outlook probabilities. Low consistency means the historical relationship, and therefore outlook confidence, is weak. In the places and seasons where the outlooks are most skilful, the category of the eventual outcome (above or below median) is consistent with the category favoured in the outlook about 75% of the time. In the least skilful areas, the outlooks perform no better than random chance or guessing. The rainfall outlooks perform best in eastern and northern Australia between July and January, but are less useful in autumn and in the west of the continent. The skill at predicting seasonal maximum temperature peaks in early winter and drops off marginally during the second half of the year. The lowest point in skill occurs in early autumn. The skill at predicting seasonal minimum temperature peaks in late autumn and again in mid-spring. There are also two distinct periods when the skill is lowest - namely late summer and mid-winter. However, it must always be remembered that the outlooks are statements of chance or risk. For example, if you were told there was a 50:50 chance of a horse winning a race but it ran second, the original assessment of a 50:50 chance could still have been correct.

• The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated using the barometric pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. The SOI is one indicator of the stage of El Niño or La Niña events in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is best considered in conjunction with sea-surface temperatures, which form the basis of the outlooks. A moderate to strongly negative SOI (persistently below –10) is usually characteristic of El Niño, which is often associated with below average rainfall over eastern Australia, and a weaker than normal monsoon in the north. A moderate to strongly positive SOI (persistently above +10) is usually characteristic of La Niña, which is often associated with above average rainfall over parts of tropical and eastern Australia, and an earlier than normal start to the northern monsoon season. The Australian impacts of 23 El Niño events since 1900 are summarized on the Bureau's web site (www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/).