Warmer days in southern NT, cool nights in Queensland's east

The outlook for average maximum temperatures for northern Australia during the September quarter shows a shift in the odds favouring warmer days over the south of the Northern Territory, while cooler nights are favoured in the east of Queensland.

The pattern of seasonal maximum temperature odds is a result of the combined effects of above average temperatures in the Indian Ocean surrounding the west coast of WA, and a warming trend in the Pacific. The Indian Ocean signal dominates the outlook. Averaged over July to September, the chances are between 60 and 75% for above-normal maximum temperatures over the southern NT and far southwestern Queensland (see map). So for every ten years with ocean patterns like the current, about six to seven September quarters are expected to be warmer than average over this part of Australia, with about two to three being cooler. Over the rest of the region, the chances of exceeding the three-month median maximum temperature are between 40 and 60%. So the chances of being warmer than normal are about the same as the chances of being cooler. Outlook confidence is related to how consistently the Pacific and Indian Oceans affect Australian temperatures. During July to September, history shows this effect on maximum temperatures to be moderately consistent in this region (see background information). The outlook for seasonal minimum temperatures is largely a result of the temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean, and shows cooler nights are favoured in eastern Queensland, which has a 35-40% chance of exceeding the median (see map). Over the rest of the region the odds are in the 40 to 50% range, so the chances of nights being warmer than average are similar to the chances of being cooler. History shows the oceans' effect on minimum temperatures in July to September to be moderately consistent over Queensland and the east of the NT. Elsewhere the effect is only weakly or very weakly consistent.

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More information on this outlook is available Monday to Friday from 9.00am to 5.00pm local time by contacting the Bureau's Climate Services sections in Queensland and the Northern Territory at the following numbers:

THE NEXT ISSUE OF THE SEASONAL OUTLOOK IS EXPECTED BY 25^th July 2008

Corresponding rainfall outlook

Maximum temperature departures from average for March to May 2008 - base period 1961-1990

Minimum temperature departures from average for March to May 2008 - base period 1961-1990

Background Information

• The Bureau's seasonal outlooks are general statements about the probability or risk of wetter or drier than average weather over a three-month period. The outlooks are based on the statistics of chance (the odds) taken from Australian rainfall/temperatures and sea surface temperature records for the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. They are not, however, categorical predictions about future rainfall, and they are not about rainfall within individual months of the three-month outlook period. The temperature outlooks are for the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the entire three-month outlook period. Information about whether individual days or weeks may be unusually hot or cold, is unavailable.

• This outlook is a summary. More detail is available from the contact people or from SILO (www.bom.gov.au/silo/products/SClimate.shtml).

• Probability outlooks should not be used as if they were categorical forecasts. More on probabilities is contained in the booklet The Seasonal Climate Outlook - What it is and how to use it, available from the National Climate Centre. These outlooks should be used as a tool in risk management and decision making. The benefits accrue from long-term use, say over 10 years. At any given time, the probabilities may seem inaccurate, but taken over several years, the advantages of taking account of the risks should outweigh the disadvantages. For more information on the use of probabilities, farmers could contact their local departments of agriculture or primary industry.

• Model Consistency and Outlook Confidence: Strong consistency means that tests of the model on historical data show a high correlation between the most likely outlook category (above/below median) and the verifying observation (above/below median). In this situation relatively high confidence can be placed in the outlook probabilities. Low consistency means the historical relationship, and therefore outlook confidence, is weak. In the places and seasons where the outlooks are most skilful, the category of the eventual outcome (above or below median) is consistent with the category favoured in the outlook about 75% of the time. In the least skilful areas, the outlooks perform no better than random chance or guessing. The rainfall outlooks perform best in eastern and northern Australia between July and January, but are less useful in autumn and in the west of the continent. The skill at predicting seasonal maximum temperature peaks in early winter and drops off marginally during the second half of the year. The lowest point in skill occurs in early autumn. The skill at predicting seasonal minimum temperature peaks in late autumn and again in mid-spring. There are also two distinct periods when the skill is lowest - namely late summer and mid-winter. However, it must always be remembered that the outlooks are statements of chance or risk. For example, if you were told there was a 50:50 chance of a horse winning a race but it ran second, the original assessment of a 50:50 chance could still have been correct.

• The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated using the barometric pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. The SOI is one indicator of the stage of El Niño or La Niña events in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is best considered in conjunction with sea-surface temperatures, which form the basis of the outlooks. A moderate to strongly negative SOI (persistently below –10) is usually characteristic of El Niño, which is often associated with below average rainfall over eastern Australia, and a weaker than normal monsoon in the north. A moderate to strongly positive SOI (persistently above +10) is usually characteristic of La Niña, which is often associated with above average rainfall over parts of tropical and eastern Australia, and an earlier than normal start to the northern monsoon season. The Australian impacts of 23 El Niño events since 1900 are summarized on the Bureau's web site (www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/).