Monday, 2 August 2010 - Monthly Climate Summary for Victoria - Product code IDCKGC26R0
Victoria in July 2010: A mainly dry July
- Below average rainfall across the State
- Maximum temperatures above average in the South, Central and East
- Minimum temperatures below average in the Mallee and Wimmera
Details Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Rainfall
Few frontal systems associated with significant rainfall passed across the State during July, which resulted in below average rainfall for Victoria overall. Most regions in the south and west of the State recorded below average rainfall this month. Notably, Gippsland recorded very much below average rainfall, with some locations experiencing their driest July on record. In fact, Glenmaggie Weir and Valencia Creek recorded under 3mm of rain for the month, their lowest total July rainfall on record. Rainfall was also well below average for East Sale and Bairnsdale Airport which recorded only 11.0mm and 10.8mm respectively, approximately 25% of that usually received.
The north of the State generally recorded average rainfall for the month. Widespread rainfall, of approximately 25-50mm was recorded on the 11th and 14th and localised rainfall in the Alpine region was recorded on the 15th. The wettest location for the month was Falls Creek (Rocky Valley) with 186.6mm and the wettest single day of the month was the 14th, with Falls Creek (Rocky Valley), Harrietville and Mount Hotham all recording more than 55mm of rain. Other than these significant rainfall events, Victoria observed predominantly dry conditions throughout July.
Temperature
Maximum temperature
Highest maximum temperatures for the month were recorded on the 30th, for most regions of Victoria. Lakes Entrance recorded the warmest maximum temperature with 20.5°C, closely followed by Bairnsdale Airport (20.0°C), whilst Mildura Airport and Orbost both registered a maximum of 19.8°C. Additionally, some locations in the north of the State recorded their maximum temperatures for the month on the 12th. The warm temperatures observed during the month were associated with high pressure systems and north-westerly flow bringing warm dry continental air to Victoria.
Gippsland observed the warmest days on average, with Orbost, Lakes Entrance and Mallacoota all experiencing average maximum temperatures of approximately 15°C for the month. As expected, the Alpine region observed the coolest days on average and Mount Hotham the coolest, with a mean maximum temperature of just 0.8°C.
Minimum temperature
Cold south-westerly flow brought the coldest nights for the month, which were mostly recorded on the 6th, 9th, 20th and 27th. Overall, minimum temperatures were below average in the Mallee and Wimmera districts and above average in parts of the western region.
The coldest nights were observed in the Alpine region, where an icy -8.2°C was recorded at Dinner Plain on the 20th. On average, the coldest location for the month was Mount Hotham, recording average temperatures of just 0.8°C during the daytime and a frosty -3.5°C overnight. In contrast, the warmest nights on average were observed at the lighthouse stations along the Victorian coast, the warmest of which was 9.6°C at the Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse.
Further information
Harvey Stern or Belinda Campbell
Climatologists
Victoria Climate Services Centre
Bureau of Meteorology
Phone (03) 9669 4956
Email climate.vic@bom.gov.au
| Extremes in July 2010 | |
|---|---|
| Hottest day | 20.5 °C at Lakes Entrance (Eastern Beach Road) on the 30th |
| Warmest days on average | 15.1 °C at Orbost (Comparison) |
| Coolest days on average | 0.8 °C at Mount Hotham |
| Coldest day | -3.1 °C at Mount Hotham on the 15th |
| Coldest night | -8.2 °C at Dinner Plain (Mount Hotham Airport) on the 20th |
| Coolest nights on average | -3.5 °C at Mount Hotham |
| Warmest nights on average | 9.6 °C at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse |
| Warmest night | 13.3 °C at Gabo Island Lighthouse on the 11th |
| Wettest overall | 186.6 mm at Falls Creek (Rocky Valley) |
| Wettest day | 80.2 mm at Falls Creek (Rocky Valley) on the 14th |
| Highest wind gust | 124 km/h at Mount Hotham on the 13th |
Details Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Maps
Anomaly in mean maximum temperature
Anomaly in mean minimum temperature
Rainfall deciles
Details Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
| Record lowest total July rainfall | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total rainfall for July 2010 (mm) |
Previous lowest for July |
Years of record |
Average for July |
||
| Glenmaggie Weir | 2.4 | 7.4 | in 1979 | 73 | 36.4 |
| Apsley (Post Office) | 20.2 | 24.7 | in 1971 | 55 | 74.9 |
| Valencia Creek (Little Plain) | 2.8 | 6.6 | in 1994 | 37 | 43.6 |
| Glen Waverley (Golf Course) | 22.6 | 24.0 | in 1976 | 36 | 69.8 |
| Lowest total July rainfall for at least 20 years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total rainfall for July 2010 (mm) |
Most recent July this low or lower |
Years since lower |
Average for July |
||
| Bruthen (Post Office) | 9.5 | 6.4 | in 1972 | 37 | 55.0 |
| Leongatha Sth Gippsland Water | 30.2 | 29.0 | in 1973 | 36 | 86.8 |
| Cabbage Tree Creek | 15.2 | 13.9 | in 1972 | 35 | 91.6 |
| Cann River | 19.1 | 15.7 | in 1976 | 34 | 83.3 |
| Club Terrace | 15.3 | 14.4 | in 1975 | 31 | 80.3 |
| East Sale Airport | 11.0 | 7.4 | in 1979 | 31 | 41.0 |
| Bairnsdale Airport | 10.8 | 10.5 | in 1944 | 28 | 49.7 |
| Cobden (Post Office) | 45.0 | 44.6 | in 1982 | 28 | 92.4 |
| Culgoa | 4.0 | 3.0 | in 1982 | 28 | 34.9 |
| Bonang | 25.0 | 15.8 | in 1979 | 27 | 85.2 |
| Harrow (Post Office) | 27.1 | 26.2 | in 1982 | 26 | 70.9 |
Details Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
| Summary statistics for July 2010 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum temperatures for July (°C) |
Minimum temperatures for July (°C) |
Rainfall for July (millimetres) |
||||||||||
| Mean for July 2010 |
Diff from average |
Highest for July 2010 |
Mean for July 2010 |
Diff from average |
Lowest for July 2010 |
Total for July 2010 |
Average for July |
Rank of July 2010 |
Fraction of July average |
|||
| Southwest Slopes (South) (district 72) | ||||||||||||
| Albury Airport AWS | 13.4 | +0.4 | 16.3 | 13th | 2.3 | -0.7 | -1.2 | 27th | 64.4 | 65.2 | average | 99% |
| North Mallee (district 76) | ||||||||||||
| Mildura Airport | 15.0 | -0.3 | 19.8 | 30th | 3.8 | -0.5 | -1.0 | 5th | 26.4 | 26.1 | average | 101% |
| Ouyen (Post Office) | 14.7 | -0.4 | 19.0 | 30th | 3.9 | -0.4 | 0.0 | 9th | 15.6 | 31.0 | low | 50% |
| Walpeup Research | 14.6 | 0.0 | 19.6 | 30th | 4.0 | -0.8 | -0.9 | 6th | 17.2 | 33.1 | low | 52% |
| South Mallee (district 77) | ||||||||||||
| Hopetoun Airport | 14.5 | 19.3 | 30th | 1.9 | -3.3 | 25th | 22.4 | |||||
| Swan Hill Aerodrome | 13.9 | -0.7 | 17.7 | 30th | 3.0 | -0.6 | -1.7 | 9th | 33.0 | 29.2 | average | 113% |
| North Wimmera (district 78) | ||||||||||||
| Nhill Aerodrome | 13.6 | 16.7 | 12th | 3.5 | 0.5 | 3rd | 30.2 | |||||
| Warracknabeal Museum | 13.6 | -0.4 | 17.2 | 30th | 3.2 | -0.5 | -0.5 | 3rd | 33.0 | 40.2 | average | 82% |
| South Wimmera (district 79) | ||||||||||||
| Edenhope Airport | 13.3 | 16.6 | 30th | 3.9 | -0.9 | 6th | 42.2 | |||||
| Grampians (Mount William) | 4.8 | 11.1 | 23rd | 0.9 | -1.4 | 6th | 123.8 | |||||
| Horsham Aerodrome | 12.9 | -0.8 | 15.9 | 30th | 3.0 | -0.1 | -0.8 | 27th | 49.8 | 40.5 | high | 123% |
| Horsham Polkemmet Rd | 13.1 | -0.3 | 16.4 | 12th | 3.1 | -0.6 | -1.9 | 27th | 64.4 | 47.0 | high | 137% |
| Kanagulk | 12.5 | 15.1 | 12th | 3.3 | -0.3 | 6th | 48.8 | |||||
| Longerenong | 12.9 | -0.2 | 16.2 | 12th | 3.1 | -0.3 | -1.1 | 26th | 53.2 | 42.7 | high | 125% |
| Pyrenees (Ben Nevis) | 6.8 | 10.6 | 23rd | 2.6 | 0.7 | 6th | 68.2 | |||||
| Stawell Aerodrome | 12.3 | -0.2 | 15.2 | 12th | 4.0 | 0.0 | -0.7 | 19th | 56.8 | 56.3 | average | 101% |
| Lower North (district 80) | ||||||||||||
| Charlton | 13.6 | 17.2 | 30th | 3.4 | -1.4 | 7th | 33.4 | |||||
| Echuca Aerodrome | 13.4 | 0.0 | 16.1 | 12th | 2.3 | -1.6 | -1.6 | 27th | 38.0 | 40.9 | average | 93% |
| Kerang | 14.0 | -0.1 | 17.6 | 30th | 3.4 | -0.6 | -0.7 | 4th | 48.1 | 35.5 | high | 135% |
| Kyabram DPI | 13.3 | +0.3 | 15.9 | 12th | 2.5 | -0.5 | -2.5 | 27th | 32.4 | 43.4 | average | 75% |
| Upper North (district 81) | ||||||||||||
| Bendigo Airport | 12.5 | 0.0 | 15.3 | 30th | 2.7 | +0.3 | -2.2 | 7th | 78.0 | 53.1 | high | 147% |
| Shepparton Airport | 12.9 | -0.3 | 15.2 | 23rd | 2.5 | -0.7 | -2.2 | 27th | 33.4 | 41.3 | average | 81% |
| Tatura Inst Sustainable Ag | 13.0 | 0.0 | 15.5 | 12th | 2.2 | -0.7 | -2.9 | 20th | 33.0 | 48.3 | low | 68% |
| Lower Northeast (district 82) | ||||||||||||
| Benalla Airport | 13.6 | 15.6 | 12th | 1.9 | -2.7 | 20th | 47.1 | |||||
| Corryong Airport | 10.6 | 16.5 | 13th | -0.1 | -3.5 | 27th | 83.6 | |||||
| Dartmouth Reservoir | 12.6 | +0.9 | 15.0 | 23rd | 1.1 | -1.1 | -1.5 | 22nd | 87.2 | 112.6 | average | 77% |
| Hunters Hill | 8.5 | +1.4 | 11.3 | 23rd | 2.3 | +0.4 | -0.1 | 21st | 137.2 | 151.6 | average | 91% |
| Rutherglen Research | 13.1 | +0.7 | 15.4 | 9th | 1.3 | -0.7 | -3.5 | 27th | 64.4 | 61.9 | average | 104% |
| Strathbogie | 10.4 | +0.3 | 12.7 | 12th | 0.8 | -0.8 | -4.4 | 20th | 84.4 | 123.2 | low | 69% |
| Wangaratta Aero | 13.2 | +0.3 | 15.8 | 9th | 1.9 | -0.5 | -2.4 | 27th | 53.0 | 66.4 | average | 80% |
| Upper Northeast (district 83) | ||||||||||||
| Dinner Plain (Mount Hotham Airport) | 7.1 | +0.9 | 11.2 | 24th | -3.0 | -1.3 | -8.2 | 20th | 38.6 | 64.7 | v low | 60% |
| Edi Upper | 12.7 | +0.8 | 15.4 | 9th | 3.2 | -0.4 | -0.6 | 20th | 124.4 | 124.5 | average | 100% |
| Falls Creek | 2.1 | +1.0 | 6.5 | 23rd | -3.0 | 0.0 | -6.4 | 21st | 92.4 | 77.6 | high | 119% |
| Mount Buller | 1.9 | +0.4 | 5.1 | 13th | -2.6 | 0.0 | -6.4 | 20th | 133.6 | 162.5 | average | 82% |
| Mount Hotham | 0.8 | +0.9 | 5.8 | 27th | -3.5 | +0.2 | -6.4 | 20th | 160.2 | 130.4 | average | 123% |
| Omeo | 10.7 | 13.8 | 31st | -1.0 | -4.9 | 27th | 19.8 | |||||
| East Gippsland (district 84) | ||||||||||||
| Combienbar AWS | 11.2 | +0.2 | 16.6 | 30th | 4.9 | +0.2 | 2.2 | 3rd | 9.4 | 75.8 | v low | 12% |
| Gabo Island Lighthouse | 14.5 | +0.4 | 18.6 | 31st | 8.5 | +0.3 | 5.7 | 2nd | 48.6 | 86.3 | low | 56% |
| Gelantipy | 9.2 | -0.3 | 14.0 | 29th | 1.8 | -0.3 | -2.3 | 20th | 19.4 | 47.6 | low | 41% |
| Lakes Entrance (Eastern Beach Road) | 14.8 | 20.5 | 30th | 5.8 | 1.0 | 18th | 10.0 | |||||
| Mallacoota | 14.8 | 0.0 | 19.5 | 11th | 6.0 | -0.2 | 1.4 | 18th | 29.4 | 80.1 | low | 37% |
| Mount Nowa Nowa | 13.0 | +0.1 | 18.3 | 29th | 5.5 | -0.4 | 2.5 | 20th | 11.2 | 58.1 | v low | 19% |
| Orbost | 14.7 | 19.3 | 30th | 4.7 | 0.9 | 18th | 18.4 | 58.9 | v low | 31% | ||
| Orbost (Comparison) | 15.1 | +0.3 | 19.8 | 30th | 3.1 | -1.1 | -1.0 | 18th | 20.4 | 67.0 | low | 30% |
| Point Hicks (Lighthouse) | 14.0 | -0.1 | 17.8 | 30th | 8.0 | -0.2 | 5.8 | 6th | 74.8 | 97.8 | average | 76% |
| West Gippsland (district 85) | ||||||||||||
| Bairnsdale Airport | 14.5 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 30th | 3.6 | -0.3 | -1.2 | 9th | 10.8 | 49.7 | v low | 22% |
| East Sale Airport | 14.2 | +0.4 | 19.0 | 30th | 2.1 | -1.1 | -1.8 | 20th | 11.0 | 41.0 | v low | 27% |
| Morwell (Latrobe Valley Airport) | 13.6 | 0.0 | 18.1 | 30th | 2.6 | -1.1 | -3.1 | 20th | 30.6 | 65.1 | v low | 47% |
| Mount Baw Baw | 1.9 | -0.4 | 6.6 | 12th | -1.8 | -0.3 | -5.0 | 20th | 94.2 | 128.9 | average | 73% |
| Mount Moornapa | 12.1 | +0.1 | 18.0 | 30th | 5.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 20th | 12.4 | 53.0 | v low | 23% |
| Noojee (Slivar) | 12.5 | +0.5 | 16.1 | 12th | 2.8 | -0.2 | -0.6 | 9th | 65.6 | 103.7 | low | 63% |
| Pound Creek | 13.9 | 17.0 | 30th | 5.8 | -0.1 | 6th | 61.0 | |||||
| Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse | 12.7 | +0.5 | 15.6 | 30th | 9.6 | +1.3 | 7.3 | 15th | 68.2 | 122.0 | low | 56% |
| Yarram Airport | 14.3 | 18.3 | 30th | 3.0 | -2.1 | 20th | 13.6 | |||||
| East Central (district 86) | ||||||||||||
| Bundoora (Latrobe University) | 13.4 | +0.1 | 16.5 | 31st | 5.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 9th | 34.3 | 48.9 | average | 70% |
| Cerberus | 13.8 | +0.2 | 17.0 | 30th | 6.3 | +0.1 | 0.9 | 6th | 48.4 | 74.1 | low | 65% |
| Coldstream | 13.4 | +0.2 | 16.6 | 13th | 3.5 | -0.1 | -3.2 | 9th | 46.8 | 59.3 | low | 79% |
| Coldstream Comparison | 13.3 | 16.6 | 13th | 3.4 | -3.3 | 9th | 46.8 | |||||
| Cranbourne Botanic Gardens | 13.4 | +0.1 | 16.9 | 30th | 5.9 | -0.2 | 1.9 | 9th | 45.3 | 68.6 | low | 66% |
| Essendon Airport | 13.5 | +0.6 | 17.1 | 30th | 5.5 | +0.3 | 0.2 | 9th | 28.6 | 43.7 | low | 65% |
| Ferny Creek (Dunns Hill) | 8.9 | -0.2 | 12.2 | 12th | 5.0 | +0.1 | 2.2 | 20th | 64.4 | 84.1 | average | 77% |
| Frankston AWS | 12.6 | -0.1 | 16.4 | 13th | 7.9 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 6th | ||||
| Melbourne Airport | 13.3 | +0.3 | 17.4 | 30th | 5.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 6th | 27.6 | 35.8 | average | 77% |
| Melbourne Regional Office | 14.6 | +1.2 | 17.9 | 31st | 7.3 | +1.3 | 3.2 | 20th | 29.6 | 47.6 | low | 62% |
| Moorabbin Airport | 13.7 | +0.1 | 17.2 | 30th | 6.1 | +0.1 | 0.7 | 9th | 25.2 | 62.0 | v low | 41% |
| Rhyll | 13.6 | +0.4 | 15.7 | 13th | 8.2 | +0.1 | 5.6 | 6th | 55.2 | 65.2 | average | 85% |
| Scoresby Research Institute | 13.3 | +0.4 | 16.6 | 12th | 5.3 | -0.5 | 0.5 | 27th | 42.8 | 73.9 | low | 58% |
| Viewbank (ARPANSA) | 13.6 | -0.3 | 17.0 | 31st | 5.1 | -0.7 | 0.0 | 20th | 41.2 | 48.3 | average | 85% |
| Wallan (Kilmore Gap) | 9.0 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 31st | 4.7 | +0.8 | 1.8 | 20th | 70.0 | 58.8 | average | 119% |
| Wonthaggi | 14.1 | +0.6 | 17.2 | 30th | 6.5 | +0.4 | 1.9 | 6th | 77.6 | 99.1 | average | 78% |
| West Central (district 87) | ||||||||||||
| Avalon Airport | 14.1 | +0.1 | 18.6 | 30th | 4.8 | -0.2 | -0.8 | 9th | 17.2 | 37.7 | low | 46% |
| Grovedale (Geelong Airport) | 13.6 | -0.3 | 17.6 | 30th | 5.5 | +0.1 | 1.4 | 9th | 23.6 | 49.2 | low | 48% |
| Laverton RAAF | 14.0 | +0.4 | 18.0 | 30th | 5.2 | +0.3 | 0.7 | 27th | 18.4 | 39.0 | low | 47% |
| Sheoaks | 12.1 | 0.0 | 15.8 | 30th | 4.5 | -0.5 | 0.1 | 6th | 24.0 | 39.3 | low | 61% |
| North Central (district 88) | ||||||||||||
| Castlemaine Prison | 11.7 | 0.0 | 14.9 | 30th | 2.8 | 0.0 | -2.9 | 6th | 54.4 | 61.1 | average | 89% |
| Eildon Fire Tower | 9.4 | +0.3 | 12.4 | 12th | 3.5 | -0.3 | -0.3 | 20th | 64.0 | 66.0 | average | 97% |
| Lake Eildon | 12.1 | +0.2 | 15.4 | 12th | 3.6 | +0.1 | -0.6 | 27th | 70.0 | 93.6 | low | 75% |
| Mangalore Airport | 12.6 | +0.2 | 14.9 | 31st | 2.4 | -0.7 | -2.0 | 5th | 68.8 | 58.7 | average | 117% |
| Maryborough | 12.4 | +0.2 | 15.1 | 30th | 3.7 | +0.3 | -0.9 | 20th | 55.7 | 53.7 | average | 104% |
| Redesdale | 12.2 | +0.4 | 15.0 | 30th | 2.4 | -0.6 | -2.7 | 20th | 80.8 | 65.6 | average | 123% |
| Western Plains (district 89) | ||||||||||||
| Ararat Prison | 11.7 | 0.0 | 14.4 | 13th | 3.0 | -0.3 | -3.0 | 27th | 57.2 | 62.5 | average | 92% |
| Ballarat Aerodrome | 10.4 | +0.4 | 13.3 | 30th | 3.1 | -0.1 | -2.8 | 9th | 55.0 | 66.4 | average | 83% |
| Westmere | 12.2 | 15.1 | 30th | 3.7 | -2.3 | 9th | 31.8 | |||||
| West Coast (district 90) | ||||||||||||
| Aireys Inlet | 13.2 | -0.2 | 16.8 | 30th | 7.4 | +0.1 | 5.1 | 9th | 46.2 | 64.3 | low | 72% |
| Cape Nelson Lighthouse | 14.2 | +0.5 | 17.6 | 30th | 8.4 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 29th | 85.8 | 93.7 | average | 92% |
| Cape Otway Lighthouse | 13.1 | +0.1 | 17.3 | 13th | 8.4 | +0.9 | 6.7 | 20th | 77.2 | 105.4 | low | 73% |
| Casterton | 13.3 | 16.6 | 30th | 3.8 | -1.5 | 6th | 56.4 | |||||
| Casterton Showgrounds | 13.8 | +0.4 | 17.0 | 30th | 3.7 | -1.2 | -2.4 | 9th | 59.7 | 85.4 | low | 70% |
| Colac (Mount Gellibrand) | 11.1 | -0.5 | 14.5 | 30th | 5.1 | -0.1 | 2.1 | 19th | 47.8 | 55.0 | average | 87% |
| Dartmoor | 13.9 | 16.9 | 30th | 4.6 | -0.9 | 6th | 83.6 | |||||
| Hamilton Airport | 12.1 | 0.0 | 14.9 | 30th | 3.3 | -1.0 | -1.2 | 27th | 50.4 | 66.8 | low | 75% |
| Mortlake Racecourse | 13.1 | +0.2 | 16.8 | 30th | 3.7 | -0.8 | -1.4 | 27th | 40.6 | 60.8 | low | 67% |
| Port Fairy AWS | 14.3 | +0.1 | 17.4 | 30th | 5.8 | -1.2 | 1.6 | 9th | 62.0 | 88.8 | low | 70% |
| Portland (Cashmore Airport) | 13.4 | +0.3 | 16.7 | 30th | 5.9 | -0.3 | 1.4 | 9th | 107.4 | 107.2 | average | 100% |
| Warrnambool Airport NDB | 13.5 | 0.0 | 16.3 | 30th | 4.5 | -0.9 | -0.4 | 6th | 66.6 | 78.6 | average | 85% |
| Weeaproinah | 9.6 | +0.7 | 11.9 | 21st | 5.0 | +0.4 | 2.7 | 19th | 143.8 | 225.6 | low | 64% |
Details Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Notes
A Monthly Climate Summary is prepared to list the main features of the weather in Victoria using the most timely and accurate information available on the date of publication; it will generally not be updated. Later information, including data that has had greater opportunity for quality control, will be presented in the Monthly Weather Review, usually published in the fourth week of the month.
This statement has been prepared based on information available at 2 pm on Tuesday 3 August 2010. Some checks have been made on the data, but it is possible that results will change as new information becomes available.
Averages are long-term means based on observations from
all available years of record, which vary widely from site to site.
They are not shown for sites with less than 10 years of record, as they cannot then be calculated reliably.
The median
is sometimes more representative than the
mean
of long-term average rain.
The Rank indicates how rainfall this time compares with the climate record for the site,
based on the
decile ranking
(very low rainfall is in decile 1, low in decile 2 or 3,
average in decile 4 to 7, high in decile 8 or 9
and very high is in decile 10).
The Fraction of average shows how much rain has fallen this time as a
percentage of the long-term mean.
Further information
Harvey Stern or Belinda Campbell
Climatologists
Victoria Climate Services Centre
Bureau of Meteorology
Phone (03) 9669 4956
Email climate.vic@bom.gov.au
