INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME

Asian Pacific FRIEND Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data

 
 

IHP-V Project 1.1
IHP-V ½ Technical Documents in Hydrology ½ No. 2
Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific
UNESCO Jakarta Office, 1999

Preface

Acknowledgements

Membership of Committees

1. INTRODUCTION TO ASIAN PACIFIC FRIEND
1. General
2. Global FRIEND
3. Asian Pacific FRIEND
4. Structure of the report
2. ASIAN PACIFIC FRIEND SCIENCE PLAN
1. Overview of Asian Pacific FRIEND: Comparative Hydrology and Water Resources
2. Establishment of Asian Pacific Water Archive
3. Scientific Methods of Comparative Hydrology and Water Resources for Flood and Low Flow Research
4. Implementation Procedure
3. ASIAN PACIFIC FRIEND WORKING GROUPS
1. Working Group 1: Establishment of Asian Pacific Water Archive
2. Working Group 2: Rainfall-Runoff Models
3. Working Group 3: Statistical and Stochastic Models
4. Working Group 4: Frequency Analysis Models
5. Working Group 5: Human Adjustment Models
4. RESEARCH PLAN PROPOSALS
1. Working Group 1
2. Working Group 2
3. Working Group 3
4. Working Group 4
5. Working Group 5
5. LIST OF ADDRESSES

REFERENCES

With the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), UNESCO tries to address hydrological issues through its international network and by facilitating scientific research in hydrology. The IHP Regional Steering Committee (RSC) for Southeast Asia and the Pacific has been playing a key role in IHP activities in the region since its establishment in 1993 and accomplished a series of successful regional projects in comparative hydrology and water resources such as the Catalogue of Rivers.

Among these projects, the Asian Pacific FRIEND (Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data) is the most important in our regional collaboration organized by the RSC for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with participation of thirteen member states. The Asian Pacific FRIEND will provide a framework within which research is carried out to improve the understanding of hydrological sciences and water resources management in the region through comparative studies of the similarity and variability of the regional hydrological phenomena and water resources systems. The research can take advantage of the multi-continental scale coverage of the member states and their water resources management experiences.

In May 1998, the science plan of Asian Pacific FRIEND was distributed to all of our member states in the region with a request to submit research plan proposals. More than 50 research proposals originating from 12 countries, were submitted to the 5 working groups established so far. The number and range of proposals that have been received indicate a promising future for the project with outcomes of benefit to the region.

It is our great pleasure that a technical document describing these proposals is published as the first step of the project. The active participation of thirteen National Committees for IHP in Southeast Asia and the Pacific in this project is very encouraging and we are looking forward towards successful collaboration in our region. In addition, we do hope that all researchers in this project will achieve great results and contribute to the future of Asian Pacific FRIEND.

The Technical Sub-committee (TSC) members as well as the Coordinators of the Working Groups would appreciate any reactions to this booklet from readers, current participants as well as others not yet participating. New ideas, proposals, requests for information and questions are especially welcome.
 
 

Acknowledgements

We wish to express our sincere appreciation for the following organizations and institutes for their assistance in the establishment of the Asian Pacific FRIEND:

Bureau of Meteorology, Australia
The University of Adelaide, Australia
General Directorate of Irrigation Meteorology and Hydrology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, China
Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing, China
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Ministry of Public Works, Bandung, Indonesia
Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI, Jakarta, Indonesia
Yamanashi University, Japan
Kyoto University, Japan
Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan
Infrastructure Development Institute, Japan
Yeungnam University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
River Planning Division, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, New Zealand
Department of Environment & Conservation, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
National Water Resources Board, The Philippines
Royal Irrigation Department, Bangkok, Thailand
Office of the National Water Resources Committee, Bangkok, Thailand
Hydro Meteorological Service, Hanoi, Vietnam
UNESCO Division of Water Sciences, Paris, France
UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia and Pacific, Jakarta, Indonesia

The National Committees for the IHP from: Australia; Cambodia; China; Indonesia; Japan; Lao PDR; Malaysia; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Thailand; Vietnam.

The assistance of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Culture (MONBUSHO) to the Asian Pacific FRIEND is gratefully acknowledged.

Last but not least, excellent editorship was provided by Ross James, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia and excellent secretarial assistance was rendered by Martha Sarwoko, UNESCO Jakarta Office.

Membership of Committees

TECHNICAL SUB-COMMITTEE

Prof. Kuniyoshi Takeuchi (Japan) TSC Chairman
Prof. Soontak Lee (Republic of Korea) RSC Chairman
Mr. Trevor Daniell (Australia)
Mr. Liu Heng (China)
Mr. Joesron Loebis (Indonesia)
Prof. Kaoru Takara (Japan)
Mr. Liew Chin Loong (Malaysia)
Dr. Tran Thuc (Vietnam)

The current chairman of the Technical Sub-Committee for the Asian Pacific FRIEND is Prof. Kuniyoshi Takeuchi. Prof. Takeuchi was also elected Chairman of the Intergovernmental Council for the IHP in June 1998 for a period of two years.

WORKING GROUP COORDINATORS

The coordinators of the respective working groups for the Asian Pacific FRIEND are:

Working Group 1 Mohd Nor (Malaysia)      jps33@pop.moa.my
Ross James (Australia)     r.james@bom.gov.au
Working Group 2 Kuniyoshi Takeuchi (Japan)     takeuchi@mail.yamanashi.ac.jp
Working Group 3 Soontak Lee (Rep. of Korea)     leest@ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr
Working Group 4 Kaoru Takara (Japan)     takara@rdp.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Working Group 5 Kasem Chunkao (Thailand)     kasem@start.or.th
 
 

1. INTRODUCTION TO ASIAN PACIFIC FRIEND
1.1 General

During 1998 world news was frequently dominated by the effects and aftermath of several natural disasters that struck Southeast Asia and the Pacific. With the extensive forest fires and El-Niño related droughts in Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia still fresh in our minds we witnessed the destructive impact of severe floods in large parts of China, Vietnam, Japan and Korea in the latter part of 1998. Currently, early in 1999, droughts reported in the Mekong region are expected to last until the first half of this year. Low flows induced by the lack of rainfall and flooding caused by excessive rainfall and runoff are clearly extremely important subjects of study for the scientific hydrological community in Southeast Asia and Pacific.

With the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), UNESCO tries to address these issues through its international network and by facilitating scientific research in hydrology. One of the major exercises of the IHP in Southeast Asia and Pacific is the establishment of the Asian Pacific FRIEND (Flow Regimes from International and Experimental Network Data). It is a project in which 13 countries are participating to collaborate in research and to share knowledge and information on rivers in the region which are prone to floods as well as low flows. This report provides information on the research either in progress or proposed under this Asian Pacific FRIEND umbrella.

1.2 Global FRIEND

FRIEND represents a particular concept in hydrological research targeting the understanding of hydrological variability and similarity across time and space to develop hydrological science, practical design procedures and the building of capacity (Gustard, A Ed, 1995). Within the IHP-V (1996-2001) framework, it belongs to Project 1.1: "Application of methods of hydrological analysis using regional data sets (Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data sets/FRIEND)", Theme 1: "Global hydrological and geochemical processes".

The Global FRIEND consists of several programmes; Northern Europe, Alpine and Mediterranean regions (AMHY), Southern Africa, West and Central Africa (AOC) and Asian Pacific. Other FRIEND initiatives are in the process of being launched in the Hindu Kush/Himalayan region and in the Nile basin with the South and Central American FRIEND in the planning stage. Descriptions of these projects are included in a number of regional FRIEND reports and several proceedings of international conferences (UNESCO, 1997a and UNESCO, 1997b).

A total of three global FRIEND Conferences have been held; Bolkesjo, Norway in 1989; Braunschweig, Germany in 1993 and Postojna, Slovenia in 1997. The details of Asian Pacific FRIEND and the outcomes of the scientific program will be presented at the fourth conference scheduled for 2001.

1.3 Asian Pacific FRIEND

Regional co-operation is an important aspect of IHP’s global programme and UNESCO Headquarters and its regional offices -covering Africa, the Arab States, South and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and the Pacific- work closely with some 158 national committees and focal points in implementing its activities.

The beginning of the Asian Pacific FRIEND goes back to the early 1990s. At the time of establishment of the Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (RSC) in Manila, January 1993, the Asian Pacific FRIEND (AP FRIEND) was identified as one of the major interests of the RSC.

Following the publication of Volume 1 of the Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (UNESCO 1995a) at the 3^rd RSC meeting in Kofu, May 1995, a Working Group was established to plan the establishment of Asian Pacific FRIEND. It was October 1996 in Yogyakarta when the 4^th RSC made an official commitment to Asian Pacific FRIEND by creating the Technical Sub-Committee (TSC) based on the recommendations of the Working Group.

The 1^st TSC meeting was held in Kuala Lumpur in May 1997 and the objectives and the main framework were formulated. The report was presented at the 5th RSC in Nong Khai, December 1997 and further refined through detailed discussion on themes and the mode of operation by a large number of participants. The First Asian Pacific FRIEND Workshop on Data Archive and Scientific Methods for Comparative Hydrology and Water Resources was organised by the Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific from 19-29 March 1998 in Kuala Lumpur and Medan (Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre, in press). A draft of the Science Plan for the Asian Pacific FRIEND and a range of research proposals were presented at this workshop. Following the workshop a general call for research proposals to be carried out under Asian Pacific FRIEND was distributed to IHP National Committees throughout the region.

The next TSC meeting was held on 9 November 1998 in Taegu, Republic of Korea preceding the 6^th RSC meeting. At this meeting the large number of research proposals and the working groups to which they had been assigned were discussed and a program of activities with expected outcomes leading up to the fourth Global FRIEND conference in 2001 was agreed. All the TSC meetings were open for interested scientists to participate and were therefore titled "extended TSC meetings".

1.4 Structure of the report

Chapter 2 of this report contains the Asian Pacific FRIEND Science Plan. The plan has been modified in the light of recent experience from that presented during the first Asian Pacific FRIEND workshop held in Kuala Lumpur. It comprises a description of; the objectives of the project, the establishment of the Asian Pacific Water Archive and the scientific methods of comparative hydrology and water resources for flood and low flow research to be used. The objectives, procedure and expected outcomes of the working groups which have been established to assist the individual research projects and promote collaboration are provided in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 contains the detailed research plan proposals submitted and the addresses of all Asian Pacific FRIEND participants are presented in Chapter 5. The final chapter contains the references.

2. ASIAN PACIFIC FRIEND SCIENCE PLAN
2.1 Overview of Asian Pacific FRIEND: Comparative Hydrology and Water Resources

The Asian Pacific FRIEND is an IHP project organized by the IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. As of January 1999 the following thirteen countries are participating , from the north, China, Rep. of Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Lao, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand.

The project provides a framework within which research is carried out to improve the understanding of hydrological science and water resources management in the region through comparative studies of the similarity and variability of the regional hydrological phenomena and water resource systems. The research can take advantage of the multi-continental scale coverage of the member countries and their diverse water resources management experiences. The research will focus on providing solutions to individual as well as common issues relevant to countries in the region and will cover areas such as the following.

1. Better modelling of hydrological processes and application of systems approach to provide improved regional hydrological design and water resources management techniques to meet the urgent needs for water supply and flood control.
2. The impact on catchment hydrology and water resources of natural and human induced changes in land use and management practices.
3. The impact of climate variability on water resource availability and management.
4. The importance and effects of different spatial and temporal scales on hydrological analyses used to address regional issues.
5. The basic conditions required to make the water related technology transfer and exchange possible.

1. used within the region to provide improved and up to date training of hydrology and water resource practitioners,
2. transferred to and used by hydrology and water resource practitioners to solve regional issues, and
3. accepted by the global hydrological and water resources community as scientific contributions to international hydrological knowledge.

• Project 1: Asian Pacific Water Archive

1. Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific,
2. Asian Pacific FRIEND research projects, and
3. other IHP related activities of member countries.

• Project 2: Flood and Low flow Research

The publication of the series Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific preceded the formal establishment of Asian Pacific FRIEND. Additional volumes of the series will continue to be published as a base activity of Asian Pacific FRIEND with the collaboration of all the member countries. The Catalogue provides for each of the selected rivers information on Geology, Climate, Hydrology, Water Resources and Socio-Cultural condition. Within the IHP-V (1996-2001) framework, it belongs to Project 6.4: "Information exchange on regional hydrological processes research and experiences in water resources management" of Theme 6: "Humid tropics hydrology and water management".

The Catalogue of Rivers was compiled to:

1. promote mutual understanding of hydrology and water resources in the region to facilitate co-operation in hydrological sciences as well as for water resources development and management;
2. provide guidelines for information exchange among different organizations for the progress of hydrological sciences and water resources development and management;
3. establish an international data exchange and collaborative research network.

2.2 Establishment of Asian Pacific Water Archive

The Asian Pacific Water Archive will be established to archive and make available hydrometeorological data and associated hydrological and water resources information for Asian Pacific FRIEND and other IHP related activities in the region.

The archive will be internet based and consist of a series of national nodes loosely linked to a central node established at The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data provided by each country will be made available from the national node of the archive and will therefore be under the complete control of the respective country. Data from countries which do not wish to establish a national node will be made available on request and after the endorsement of the country via the central node at the Regional Centre.

The Water Archive will initially include data for those river basins contained in the Catalogue of Rivers. Additional data required by projects included in the Asian Pacific FRIEND research program and for other IHP related activities in the region will be sourced as required from the individual countries and made available to the projects via the country nodes. The data types and other categories of information to be available from the archive will, as far as possible, include:

• daily and monthly streamflow data for selected sites,
• daily and monthly precipitation data for selected sites,
• low and high flow event data for selected sites,
• other meteorological data for selected sites,
• river basin descriptions including geomorphological and land use information,
• national maps of river basin boundaries with basin name and brief details,

references and links to sources of published data, and
• contact details and procedures for obtaining additional data.

The Regional Center will act as a data management and advisory center and, under the guidance of the RSC Technical Sub-Committee, will be responsible for:

1. recommending the data formats and metadata standards for archived data placed on the country nodes;
2. developing and recommending quality control procedures to be applied to the archived data;
3. management and updating of data, its metadata and other information provided by countries for inclusion on the central node;
4. providing advice to countries on establishing and operating a country node of the Water Archive;
5. managing the collection and dissemination of data for the countries that do not want to establish a country node or where internet access is not available.

Data collection for and data distribution from the Water Archive will be carried out under the following principles:

1. Participating countries agree to contribute to the archive data for river basins included in the Catalogue of Rivers.
2. Participating countries make every effort to provide data required for Asian Pacific FRIEND and other IHP related activities.
3. The data shall be made available through the country nodes of the internet based Asian Pacific Water Archive for hydrological and water resources projects associated with Asian Pacific FRIEND.
4. The data from countries which do not establish an internet based national node shall be made available through the Central Node at the Regional Center, Kuala Lumpur.
5. Data obtained from the Asian Pacific Water Archive may not be redistributed to other users.
6. The provision of data to and distribution of data from the Asian Pacific Water Archive will be in accordance with the spirit of IHP/IC-XII Resolution 4, Exchange of Hydrological Data and Information and also the WMO Resolution on the Exchange of Hydrological Data (currently in draft form).
7. Data provided from the Asian Pacific Water Archive shall be acknowledged in any reports and publications.

Comparative hydrology and water resources is an area of study in which the characteristics of hydrological processes across a region are analysed and modelled. In Asian Pacific FRIEND, a range of analysis techniques will be applied to regional data sets and the results will be compared. By doing so, both the differences and the similarities of the characteristics of the processes that govern the hydrology and water resources of the region will be identified. An important aspect of the strategy is to include a wide range of basin sizes in the data set so that the scaling of hydrologic processes may also be researched. The following types of model will be used to help develop common measures for floods and low flow:

1. Rainfall-runoff models to describe the hydrological responses of basins. These models should include not only components for natural basins but also components that can assess the impacts on quantity, quality and sedimentation caused by water resources system development.
2. Statistical models for comparison of regional characteristics of flow regimes, including assessment of long term changes.
3. Frequency distribution models for analysis of extreme flood and low flow events.
4. Human adjustment models incorporating socio-cultural and socio-economic factors to identify and assess the appropriateness of flood and low flow management strategies for providing benefits and in mitigating potential damages.

• Rainfall-runoff models

1. Factors controlling floods and low flows, such as vegetation, water use, power generation and reservoirs.
2. Assessment of land use changes.
3. Assessment of climatic variation.
4. Assessment of precipitation and river discharge measurement networks.
5. Assessment of changes in sediment discharge and water quality, including the effects of Reservoirs.
6. Establishment of flood and low flow forecasting systems, including flash flood forecasting.
7. Process identification of urban floods and low flow dynamics.
8. Transportation and diffusion phenomena of water quality and sediments.

• Statistical models

1. Specific discharges of flood peaks, annual means and low flows including inter- and intra-regional distributions.
2. Comparison of regional characteristics of flood peaks, concentration time, recession process and baseflow patterns.
3. Identification of climatic variation and assessment of causal mechanisms.
4. Identification of anthropogenic impacts on the long term flow regime. These impacts include deforestation, reforestation, basin development, soil erosion control and basin management, levees and reservoir construction and urban development.
5. Dendrogram analyses to scientifically classify the multi dimensional nature of regional hydrology and water resources. This will provide a new tool for comparative hydrology.

• Frequency analysis models

1. Model selection and parameter estimation for a small sample size, such as. Jack knife and Bootstrap methods.
2. Methods for robust estimates of parameters such as PWM, L-moment, Maximum Likelihood and Moment methods.
3. Selection of proper extreme value frequency distribution.
4. Techniques for handling outliers and censored data.

• Human adjustment models

1. Up-to-date damage potential estimates of floods and low flows.
2. Identification of natural and social factors contributing to the recent increases in flood and low flow damages.
3. Quantification of potential damage increases from floods and low flows due to climatic variability and climate change.
4. Non-structural measures to mitigate flood and drought damages.

Implementation of Asian Pacific Friend commenced with the First Asian Pacific FRIEND Workshop in Kuala Lumpur, March 1998 where the Asian Pacific FRIEND Science Plan was presented and the framework for the establishment of the Water Archive agreed. It was also agreed that the research effort identified in the Science Plan will be carried out by researchers throughout the region in a wide range of projects. A request for research proposals to be included in Asian Pacific FRIEND was distributed by the UNESCO Jakarta Office to the IHP National Committees. The large response to the request (over 50 proposals from 13 countries) was very encouraging. The proposals received were accepted for inclusion in AP FRIEND at the Sixth RSC meeting in Korea. At this meeting it was recognised that communication and cooperation between these individual projects would be essential to achieve regional objectives. A plan operating on three levels was adopted to promote this communication and facilitate cooperation.

The first level consists of publication of relevant material, such as this booklet, to keep researchers informed about the detail and progress of Asian Pacific FRIEND. This booklet, containing the details of all research proposals and the contact details of all researchers has been published both to promote Asian Pacific FRIEND and to encourage researchers to collaborate with others within the region. The creation of an email list administered by the Regional Centre in Kuala Lumpur will also be an important mechanism for keeping participating researchers informed of activities within Asian Pacific FRIEND. Other publications in progress are the third volume of the Catalogue of Rivers and the reissue of the first two volumes on CD-ROM.

A series of workshops at which participating researchers will be invited to present progress reports, encouraged to share experiences and to seek assistance with the resolution of problems comprises the second level of communication. The schedule of workshops is described in Table 1. More detailed information about each workshop will be distributed by the email list.

The third level of communication is a series of conferences at which more formal presentations of research results will be made. These conferences will be held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the UNESCO Regional Steering Committee. The schedule of conferences is also described in Table 1. The completed first phase of Asian Pacific FRIEND with the regional synthesis of the individual research projects results prepared by the Working Groups and results of selected individual projects will be presented at the next World FRIEND Conference scheduled for Cape Town, South Africa in 2001.

The Science Plan includes the concept of Working Groups, aligned with the broad categories of models to be studied, as a mechanism for progressing its objectives. These Working Groups will be responsible for:

• coordinating the research carried out in each area of modelling,
• facilitating cooperation and coordination between research projects,
• utilising the RSC network to help researchers gain access to resources and assistance, and
• drawing together the outcomes of the individual research projects to provide outcomes relevant to the wider region.

Financial support through Asian Pacific FRIEND is limited. The funds that may be made available from UNESCO sources and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Culture (MONBUSHO) will be used to support the attendance of some researchers at workshops and conferences. Past assistance from MONBUSHO towards the establishment of Asian Pacific FRIEND is gratefully acknowledged. Efforts are being made by the RSC to secure funding from additional sources to enable direct support of suitable research projects.

Many of the research plans received stated that the researcher already had access to the necessary data. Many of these researchers have since confirmed that this data will be made available to the Water Archive for use in other projects. The data needs for the other projects are being compiled and the data will be sourced from countries in the region through the RSC membership. The data will be included in the Water Archive and made available for use by the Asian Pacific FRIEND projects. The contribution of data to the Water Archive is an important feature of Asian Pacific FRIEND as this will enable more extensive research into regional issues to be carried out in the future.
 
 

Table 1 A tentative time table for the Asian Pacific FRIEND.

3.1  Working Group 1: Establishment of Asian Pacific Water Archive

Objectives

The Working Group will coordinate the establishment of the Internet based Water Archive by:

• documenting the preferred standards and guidelines for the provision of data and other information to the Water Archive by participating countries,
• preparing guidelines for the operation of the Country Nodes to be established to make data available,
• assisting the Regional Centre with the establishment of the Water Archive Central Node,
• working through the Regional Centre to assist countries to establish and operate the Country Nodes.

1. Establish an e-mail list to facilitate distribution and discussion of documents by country representatives.
2. Prepare the Water Archive preferred data standards documents. The email list will be used to circulate drafts and seek member country input.
3. Prepare the Water Archive Country Node operating guidelines. The email list will be used to circulate drafts and seek member country input.
4. Through the Regional Centre guide the establishment of Country Nodes as and when countries are able to prepare them.
5. Monitor the provision of data for the Asian Pacific FRIEND Research Program from the Central Node and the Country Nodes.
6. Maintain contact with the individual researchers and facilitate exchanges of ideas and results.

1. Greater consistency in the range and form of data and other information provided to the Asian Pacific FRIEND Research Program from the Water Archive.
2. An Internet based Water Archive consisting of a Central Node and a number of Country Nodes from which data for Asian Pacific FRIEND research projects may be readily obtained by researchers.
3. Greater compatibility between data management systems developed as part of Asian Pacific FRIEND.

To subscribe to the Asian Pacific FRIEND mailing list and to access the Asian Pacific Water Archive visit the website: http://agrolink.moa.my/htropics/welfriend.html

Research plans

The following research plans for Working Group 1 have been submitted:

1) Information on New Zealand’s freshwaters:
Water Resources Archive
Charles Pearson (New Zealand)      c.pearson@niwa.cri.nz
Graham Bryers (New Zealand)      g.bryers@niwa.cri.nz

2) Development of Internet GIS based Water Archive System

Keho Kim (Rep. of Korea)     uniko01@hitel.net
Chul Kim (Rep. of Korea)      kuchul@honam.honam.ac.kr

3) Establishment and dissemination of water archive

Mohd. Fadhlillah Hj. Mahmood (Malaysia)     jps27@pop.moa.my
Mohd Nor bin Mohd Desa (Malaysia)      jps33@pop.moa.my

4) Directory of Asian Pacific River Basin Details

Ross James (Australia)       r.james@bom.gov.au

5) Development of hydrologic data base to describe regionality

Akihiko Kondoh (Japan)      kondoh@rsirc.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp

Daichi Nakayama (Japan)      daichi@rsirc.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp

6) Development of GIS Water Archive System in Merapi-Yogyakarta basin

Dwikorita Karnawati (Indonesia)      pabum@yogya.wasantara.net.id
Mr. Suharyadi (Indonesia)      pabum@yogya.wasantara.net.id

3.2   Working Group 2: Rainfall-Runoff Models

Objectives

This Working Group aims to develop rainfall runoff models that can be used in data scarce basins to improve the predictability of floods and low flows and to make it possible to assess the impacts of land use changes and climate variation on floods and low flows.

Procedure

1. To collect various existing rainfall runoff models that are used in the countries of the region and being studied by researchers in the region.
2. To document the problems and limits the models have in application and results of application of those models.
3. To compare the models for their data requirements and their availability.
4. To apply the same sets of data from different countries to each model and find their characteristics of applicability.
5. To improve the models.
6. To propose Asian Pacific FRIEND models for particular purposes.

1. Comparative review of the models used in various countries (model types, purposes, basin scales, basin conditions, required data, performance etc.).
2. Improved models for data scarce basins for different purposes (objectives, time intervals, subject areas, required accuracy etc.) of flood and low flow forecasting.

• Identification of rainfall runoff models that are used in each countries (conceptual model description, computer programs, specification of data requirements etc.).
• Some examples of model applications.
• Precipitation data.
• Streamflow data.
• Climate data to estimate evapotranspiration.
• Basin boundary, river channel and basin topography information.
• Land use, geology, soil and vegetation information.
• Water use information (dam storage and release, water intake and transfer, return flows etc.).

Prof. Kuniyoshi Takeuchi
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Yamanashi University, Kofu 400-0013, Japan

Fax: +81-552-534915
e-mail: takeuchi@mail.yamanashi.ac.jp

Research plans

The following research plans for Working Group 2 have been submitted:

1) Comparative analysis of evapotranspiration and runoff in AP region

Michio Hashino (Japan)     michio@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Huaxia Yao (Japan)     yao@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Hiromu Yoshida (Japan)     hiro@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp

2) Development of modified river sediment transport model for hydrological simulation of large, engaged and human disturbed basins

Winai Sae-Chew (Thailand)      swinai@ratree.psu.ac.th

3) Integration of rainfall-runoff model and GIS software packages for drainage simulation and graphic presentation of flooding in urban areas

Tuantan Kitpaisalsakul (Thailand)      fwathp@eng.chula.ac.th
Chaiyuth Sukhsri (Thailand)      fwacss@eng.chula.ac.th

4) Comparisons of ANSWERS and TOP model runoff prediction on different catchment scales

Hidayat Pawitan (Indonesia)      h_pawitan@indo.net.id

5) Forecasting of flood and low flows using neural networks

Mohd. Yuoff bin Mashor (Malaysia)      yusof@eng.usm.my

Rozi Abdullah (Malaysia)     cerozi@kcp.usm.my

6) Development of Modified Xinanjiang Model for hydrological and water resources simulation of large and human disturbed basin

Guangsheng Wang (China)     gshwang@mwr.goc.cn

7) Water fluxes and pathways in river basins

R.A. Woods (New Zealand)     r.woods@niwa.cri.nz
R. Grayson (Australia) � Australia)      rodger@civag.unimelb.edu.au

8) Linked precipitation runoff modelling system for mountainous catchments

R.P. Ibbitt (New Zealand)     r.ibbitt@niwa.cri.nz

9) Assessment and modification (if needed) of available hydrological computer models to suite local condition and possible application for the regions.

Ismail bin Hj. Abustan (Malaysia)      ceismail@kcp.usm.my
Mohd. Nor Hj. Mohd. Desa (Malaysia)      jps33@pop.moa.my

10) Development of rainfall-runoff model using GIS and satellite images information

Kanghoon Yoon (Rep. of Korea)      stardust@ctic.kict.re.kr
Gyu-Bang Yeon (Rep. of Korea)      gbyeon@cccc.chch-c.ac.kr

11) Development of Modified TOP Model and Muskingum-Cunge Method for hydrological and water resources simulation of large, ungaged and human disturbed basins

Kuniyoshi Takeuchi (Japan)     takeuchi@mail.yamanashi.ac.jp
Hiroshi Ishidaira (Japan)      ishi@ccn.yamanashi.ac.jp

Kengo Sunada (Japan)     sunada@mail.yamanashi.ac.jp

Yasusuhi Sakamoto (Japan)     sakamoto@ccn.yamanashi.ac.jp

12) Estimation of lumped model parameters from basin characteristics without runoff data

So Kazama (Thailand)     kazama@ait.ac.th

13) Assessing the performance of a topographic-based model, TOPMODEL in simulating runoff responses in tropic regions for basins in Malaysia

Low Koon Sing (Malaysia)     jpsa16@smtp.moa.my
Mohd Nor bin Mohd Desa (Malaysia)      jps33@pop.moa.my

14) Development of a www based flood forecasting system using a distributed catchment model and its application in some selected Asian river basins

Srikantha Herath (Japan)     herath@incede.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Raghunath Jha (Japan)     jha@incede.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Dawen Yang (Japan)      yang@incede.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Dusmantha Dutta (Japan)     dutta@incede.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Assela Pathiraman (Japan)     assela@incede.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Katumi Musiake (Japan)
Allan Pineda (Philippines)      alpineda@kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Peter Castro (Philippines)      pcastro@engg.upd.edu.ph
Uruya Weesakul (Thailand)      uruyaw@ipied.tu.ac.th
Thada Sukhapunnaphan (Thailand)
Hoang Minh Hien (Vietnam)     hmh@netnam.vn

15) Application of 2 dimensional Finite Element Model for runoff prediction

Hiroyuki Nakamura (Japan)
Dwikorita Karnawati (Indonesia)      pabum@yogya.wasantara.net.id

16) Comparative hydrological study on stable isotopic compositions of rivers in the Asia-Pacific region

Tadashi Tanaka (Japan)      tadashi@atm.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp
Jun Shimada (Japan)      shimada@atm.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp

17) Comparative study of the characteristics of spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in headwater mountainous areas in Asia-Pacific region

Kuraji Koichiro (Japan)     kuraji@depe.titech.ac.jp
Samin Salim (Malaysia)     frc@tm.net.my
Agnes D. Rampisela (Indonesia)

18) Quantitative analysis of effects of reforestation in AP region

Shigeki Kobatake (Japan)     kobat@ce.gunma-u.ac.jp
Eiichi Shimojima (Japan)     shimoji@daido-it.ac.jp
Yoshihiko Shimizu (Japan)     shimz@ce.gunma-u.ac.jp

19) Rainfall-runoff modeling and uncertainty analysis

Xia Jun (China)     jxia@wuhee.edu.cn
Kuniyoshi Takeuchi (Japan)      takeuchi@mail.yamanashi.ac.jp
Sheng Ping Zhang (Japan)     zhangsp@urban.meijo-u.ac.jp

20) Detection of global climate variation from river discharge and application of river discharge information for the improvements of global climate prediction

Taikan Oki (Japan)     taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Katumi Musiake (Japan)
Dr. Srikantha Herath (Japan)
Dr. Toshiyuki Nakaegawa (Japan)

21) Development of modified HORTON or TANK model, Nash Instantaneous Unit hydrograph method and continuous Muskingum method for hydrological and water resources simulation and forecasting of large and human disturbed basins

Tao Xin (China)
Feng Xiang Ming (China)

22) Rainfall – Runoff computations for small and medium river basins in Vietnam

Luong Tuan Anh (Vietnam)
Tran Thuc (Vietnam)     thuc@netnam.org.vn

23) Reservoir Sedimentation Computations

Nguyen Kien Dzung (Vietnam)      thuc@netnam.org.vn
Cao dang Du (Vietnam)
 

3.3    Working Group 3: Statistical and Stochastic Models
 

Objectives

The objectives of this Working Group are to compare regional characteristics of flow regimes through the assessment of long term changes and the discrimination of similar hydrologic zones and to develop statistical and stochastic models which can be used for flood and low flow prediction as well as hydrologic design in the region. From the comparative statistical and stochastic analyses, the characteristics of the hydrologic cycle in the region are also elucidated for the more effective development and management of hydrology, water resources and the environment.

Procedure

Typical river basins in the region will be reviewed and surveyed for comparative analyses and then various research steps will be carried out to accomplish the above objectives as follows:

1. To collect various statistical and stochastic hydrologic data and information from various countries and researchers in the region.
2. To compare regional characteristics of flow regimes and hydrologic cycle from the statistical and stochastic assessment of long term variation.
3. To improve statistical and stochastic models from the comparison with exiting models in the region.
4. To propose Asian Pacific FRIEND statistical and stochastic models for flood and low flow hydrologic design.

The following outcomes will be expected from these studies:

1. Elucidation of statistical and stochastic characteristics of flow regimes and the hydrologic cycle in the region.
2. Identification of similar hydrologic zones and their comparative statistical and stochastic characteristics, especially in floods and low flows.
3. Improved statistical and stochastic models for different hydrologic zones and countries and also hydrologic design criteria.

The following data are required in this Working Group in general:

• Precipitation time series data.
• Streamflow time series data including flood peaks and low flow data.
• Other hydrologic data.
• Existing statistical and stochastic models that are used in each country (model description, computer programs, specification of data requirements, etc.).
• River basins information.
• Source papers.

Prof. Soontak Lee
Department of Civil Engineering
Yeungnam University, 487-1 Daemyung-9 Dong
Namku, 705039 Taegu, Republic of Korea

Fax: +82-53-8134032
e-mail: leest@ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr

Research plans

The following research plans for Working Group 3 have been submitted:

1) Development of feature prediction model for hydrologic data synthesis for un-gauged basins and filling in missing data

Yasuyuki Ujihashi (Japan)      ujihashi@ccmails.fukui-ut.ac.jp

2) River basin planning and management integrating flood and low flow with multi-layer-typed runoff model

Toshiharu Kojiri (Japan) tkojiri@wrcn2.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

3) Time series method and recursive estimation on flood forecasting of Datong hydrological station of Yangtze river in China

Xuan Yunqing (China)     yunqing@mwr.gov.cn

4) Regionalisation methods for flood, flow and drought prediction using frequency analysis and
then multiple regression and neural networks

Trevor Daniell (Australia)      trevord@civeng.adelaide.edu.au

5) Development of urban regional models for runoff and water quality

Trevor Daniell (Australia)      trevord@civeng.adelaide.edu.au

6) Characteristics research on flood in Yellow River and human effects on flood

Qian Yunping (China)     qyplyp@public.zz.ha.cn

Wang Ling (China)

7) Research on multi-variables stochastic model for flood or low flow simulation

Liang Zhongmin (China)      liangzm@public1.ptt.js.cn
Zhu Yuansheng (China)

8) Research on principal components analysis method in discrimination of hydrological zones

Liang Zhongmin (China)      liangzm@public1.ptt.js.cn

9) Research on design flood for small basin

Liang Zhongmin (China)       liangzm@public1.ptt.js.cn
Hua Jiapeng (China)

10) A regional analysis of flood and low flows in peninsular Malaysia

Alias bin Hashim (Malaysia)     jps33@pop.moa.my
Mohd Nor bin Mohd Desa (Malaysia)      jps33@pop.moa.my

11) Development of flood forecasting model of Sepik river using the application of stepwise multi regression method

Maino Virobo (Papua New Guinea)
Bernard Cappelaere (France)

12) Discrimination of hydrologic zones and their stochastic hydrologic model in Southeast Asia and the Pacific river basins

Soontak Lee (Republic of Korea)      leest@ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr
Sang-keun Bae (Republic of Korea)      skbae@kmucc.keimyung.ac.kr

13) Multi-variable stochastic model in Southeast Asia and the Pacific river basins

Cao Shengle (China)
Yun Ru-an (China)

14) Comparative analysis on long-term annual runoff time series in Asia Pacific region

Fumio Yoshino (Japan)     yoshino@eng.kagawa-u.ac.jp

3.4   Working Group 4: Frequency Analysis Models

General description

In terms of frequency analysis, the Working Group 4 will contribute to both of the two major activities of the Asian Pacific FRIEND: Establishment of Asian Pacific Water Archive and Flood and Low flow Research. As the contribution to the Archive, the Working Group recommends the Regional Steering Committee (RSC) and the Working Group 1 include the extreme-value data, partly because the sets of discharge records supposed to be included in the Archive would be too short for frequency analysis and partly because inclusion of the extreme-value data helps researchers to carry out frequency analysis studies. As a result of research undertaken by Working Group members extreme value data will be made available to the Water Archive for use by others. Working Group 4 will consist of any researchers who are interested in frequency analysis.

Research topics

The following topics will be discussed and implemented in the Working Group:

a) What kinds of data should be included in the Water Archive for frequency analysis and how to do it.

First, the group discusses this item and makes a recommendation that the RSC and Working Group 1 should prepare the discharge time-series data sets for as long period as possible in the Water Archive. Longer records can produce more accurate (reliable) quantile estimates (T-year floods, T-year 7-day low flows, etc.). At least thirty years is preferable. The Working Group also will recommend that the Water Archive should include the extreme-value data sets, which could be prepared by the Working Group 4 members. Even if the long time series (for example, daily) records cannot be stored in the Water Archive, extreme values such as annual maximum peak discharge and annual maximum daily rainfall would be easily stored. The Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific actually includes the information about annual maximum and minimum discharges, though the length of record is limited.

b) Frequency analysis of storms, floods and low flows (or droughts) with standard methods.

Some standard frequency analysis models (e.g., GEV distribution) will be applied to the regional extreme-value data sets and their applicability would be assessed. If we find out different characteristics of the distribution suitable to each basin or region, they could be attributed to the regional nature of floods and low flows. At the same time, the estimated quantiles and the selected methods will serve as the basic information necessary for development including planning, design, construction and management.

c) Frequency analysis methods for short record and/or missing data situations.

In hydrologic frequency analysis, we often face the problem that the existing record is too short for adequate analysis. Asian Pacific countries in general have this small sample problem. In order to overcome this situation, the Working Group will consider applying approaches such as partial duration series (PDS), peaks-over-threshold (POT) and paleohydrologic analyses, to compensate for missing data before initiation of modern systematic observations or during missing periods caused by political reasons including the wars.

d) Frequency analysis methods of droughts (low flows) in distinct dry season situations.

The Working Group will develop methods considering droughts (or low flows) in countries that have a distinct dry season for several months that is typical in Southeast Asia. The discharge in such areas could be zero for a long period in a year, to which one cannot apply ordinary frequency analysis methods.

e) Investigation of the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and the probable maximum flood (PMF).

The PMP and PMF analysis could provide useful information for flood protection planning and design. They also can be used as a parameter of frequency analysis. Introducing the PMP or PMF as the upper bound to frequency analysis models has the following merits: (1) It stimulates or accelerates interdisciplinary cooperative research among hydrologists, meteorologists, mathematicians, practitioners and so forth; (2) Errors in estimates of quantiles (T-year events) can be reduced; and (3) Especially for small samples, it would be very effective because extrapolation problems become interpolation problems.

Coordinator

Prof. Kaoru Takara
DPRI, Kyoto University
Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

Fax: +81-774-38-4130
e-mail: takara@rdp.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Research plans

The following research plans for Working Group 4 have been submitted:

1) Regionalization of floods and droughts of Java island

Hidayat Pawitan (Indonesia)      h_pawitan@indo.net.id
Paulus Agus Winarso (Indonesia)

2) Development of frequency analysis models for hydrologic time series data

Joesron Loebis (Indonesia)     joesron@melsa.net.id
Dyah Rahayu Pangesti (Indonesia)      bps_slo@idola.net.id

3) Development of nationwide low flow frequency maps of different duration and as assessment of major historical droughts

Yong-Nam Yoon and Chulsang Yoo (Rep. of Korea)    ynyoon@kuccnx.korea.ac.kr
Chulsang Yoo (Rep. of Korea)      envchul@tiger.korea.ac.kr

4) Regionalisation of rainfall parameters in Selangor, Malaysia

Zalina bt. Daud (Malaysia)      zalina@math.fs.utm.my
Amir Hashim bin Mohd Kassim (Malaysia)     amir@fka.utm.my
Mohd Nor B. Mohd Desa (Malaysia)      jps33@pop.moa.my

5) Finding appropriate methods of analysis for estimating peak flows and extreme low flows in a medium size of river basin in tropical monsoon climate

Khamthong Soukhathammavong (Lao PDR)
Khampene Phangviladone (Lao PDR)

6) Estimation of extreme flood by PMP/PMF Method

Dang Lan Huong (Vietnam)     thuc@netnam.org.vn

Tran Thanh Xuan (Vietnam)

3.5   Working Group 5: Human Adjustment Models

Objectives

This Working Group focuses on the comparative analyses of human adjustment processes exercised in different countries and regions for the mitigation of flood and low flow damages. Floods and low flows are natural phenomena common to many countries, but their effects are, in many respects, very different. So are the available control measures. Human adjustment structures have to be analyzed and compared for improved flood and low flow management. Historical, socio-economic and political systems not only restrain the possible courses of actions but have also provided unique ways to manage damage mitigation of floods and low flows. Possible outcomes will be:

1. Up-to-date damage potential estimates of floods and low flows.
2. Identification of natural and social background of recent increases in flood and low flow damages.
3. Potential damage increases from floods and low flows under increasing climatic variability.
4. Non-structural measures to mitigate flood and drought damages.

Various counter measures against floods and low flows will be reviewed and compared by country and region. From the analyses of their similarity and variability regional mitigation measures will be identified. The particular focus areas will include:

1. Surface water storage: such as natural and man-made reservoirs, construction of storage and diversion dams, farm ponds, dugout ponds, home-water containers, etc.
2. Subsurface water supply: such as shallow wells, deep water wells, and/or groundwater.
3. Rain making: the processes of increasing condensation nuclei, cooling atmosphere, and more atmospheric moisture.
4. Conservation measures of headwater supply: such as forest protection and reforestation, soil and water conservation measures on agricultural areas and road construction, human settlement planning, forest fire protection, and others.
5. Recycling of wastewater: such as wastewater treatment, direct use of wastewater for agriculture (farm crops, aqua-culture, grass for live-stocks).
6. Water usage: such as domestic, industrial, agriculture, environment protection, recreation, aqua-culture, transportation uses, etc.
7. Flood control measures: such as dikes surrounding flooding areas, drainage systems improvement, etc.
8. Establishment of water networks: such as connecting the drainage systems between the existing systems.

Prof. Kasem Chunkao
Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University
Chatuchack, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Fax: +66-2-561-4246 or 579-0172
e-mail: kasem@start.or.th

Research plans

The following research plans for Working Group 5 have been submitted:

1) Flood forecast and flood management system of real-time for large river basin

Li Zhijia (China)     lizhijia@public1.ptt.js.cn
Jiang Honggeng (China)

2) Reuse of effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plant in agriculture

Seni Karnchanawong (Thailand)     seni@ns.eng.cmu.ac.th
Kajornsak Sopajaree (Thailand)     pompoon@ns.eng.cmu.ac.th

3) Groundwater simulation and recharge and recovery possibility

Sucharit Koontanalulvong (Thailand)     ksuchari@netserv.chula.ac.th
 

4.    RESEARCH PLAN PROPOSALS

A total of 52 research proposals were received by the RSC for inclusion in Asian Pacific FRIEND. The proposals originated from 12 countries in the region and involve a total of 95 researchers. The contact details for the researchers are provided in Chapter 5. A majority of 75 of the researchers are able to access the electronic highway via Internet and e-mail. This last feature is eminently facilitating regional cooperation in such a vast and diverse region as Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The remainder of this chapter consists of the detailed research proposals grouped according to their Working Group.