Acknowledgements

Images used in the above montage are, left to right:

1. Explosion at Mt Pinatubo, Philippines, taken from Clark Air Base during the post-climactic phase of the 1991 eruptions. Photographer unknown, photograph kindly provided by Scott Oswalt (US Navy, retired)
2. Explosion at Gunung Semeru, Java, Indonesia, from near the summit. Courtesy Russell Holroyd of the Java Lava volcano climbing club.
3. View over Anak Krakatau, at the scene of the second-worst volcanic eruption in recent history, photographer unknown, courtesy Dave 'Kerinciman' of Java Lava.
4. DC-10 jumbo jet on the ground at Cubi Point Naval Air Station near Pinatubo, (U.S. Navy photograph by R. L. Rieger), from Casadevall et al., The 1991 Pinatubo Eruptions and Their Effects on Aircraft Operations.
5. Eruption cloud growing convectively over Pago, New Britain, on 5 August 2002. Courtesy Capt. Phil Marshall: please see our page on Pago for the copyright conditions attached to this image.

Satellite imagery is from the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, the United States National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration GOES and NOAA satellites, and NASA.

Volcano location data used on this site is published by the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program.

Village on Ruang following 2002 eruption, courtesy Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation.