Direct evaporation of groundwater occurs in areas with a shallow water table. The related process of groundwater transpiration occurs in areas with a shallow water table and sufficiently deep-rooted vegetation. Both processes occur in the Adelaide region, particularly in the riparian zone and along the coastline. The volumes involved have not been quantified because they are partially accounted for in the rainfall recharge estimated using the WAVES model (line item 15.2.1 Diffuse groundwater recharge from landscape water). WAVES estimates net groundwater recharge (i.e. recharge less evapotranspiration) in areas where recharge is the dominant process. Recharge and evapotranspiration have not been modelled in areas where evapotranspiration is the dominant process.