Seasonal Climate Outlook Archive

Frequently Asked Questions

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MEDIA RELEASE - ISSUED 12th FEBRUARY 1999

Seasonal Climate Outlook Summary: 3-month rainfall probabilities for Autumn 1999.

Weak La Niña conditions continue

The National Climate Centre's rainfall outlook for Autumn 1999 (March - May) is that there is no significant bias towards either wetter or drier than normal conditions across the country. This means that the chances of below average, near average, and above average rainfall are all similar.

This outlook results mostly from the low skill-level that the forecast system has during this period. Large scale changes in climate and weather patterns occur in Autumn, and the effects on Australia are highly variable from year to year.

A weak, but unusual, La Niña pattern of sea surface temperatures persists in the tropical Pacific. North of the Equator the pattern is well defined, but south of the Equator it is almost non-existent. The sub-surface waters of the tropical Pacific show a strong La Niña signal.

It's still too early to say how the La Niña will evolve. Most computer models are suggesting it will remain a feature for another season, but beyond that they diverge in their predictions, though none is suggesting an El Niño at this stage. Meanwhile the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) has remained moderately high since June 1998. The unofficial SOI for the 30 days ending 10th February is +14, following the January and December values of +16 and +13 respectively.

Positive SOI values at this time of year are linked with above average numbers of tropical cyclones in the Australian region during the northern wet season. Wet season rainfall activity has already been pronounced; average to well above average falls have been observed across most of northern Australia since 1st October.

Please Note: No map issued this month.

For more information regarding this outlook please contact Grant Beard on (03) 9669 4527, Scott Power on (03) 9669 4085, Robert Fawcett on (03) 9669 4603, or Clare Mullen on (03) 9669 4296 during normal office hours from 8:45am to 5:30pm Monday to Friday.

Archive of previous Seasonal Climate Outlooks


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Frequently Asked Questions
Q: WHAT ARE THE BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY'S SEASONAL CLIMATE OUTLOOKS?

A:General statements about the probability or risk of wetter or drier than average weather over a three-month period. The outlooks are based on the statistics of chance (the odds) taken from rainfall and sea surface temperature records. They are not, however, categorical predictions about future rainfall, and they are not about rainfall within individual months of the three-month outlook period.
Q: WHAT DO WE MEAN BY WETTER OR DRIER THAN "AVERAGE", OR WARMER OR COOLER THAN "AVERAGE"?

A:Being above or below the MEDIAN rainfall, MEDIAN maximum temperature, or MEDIAN minimum temperature over the three-month outlook period.
The median is the middle value in the historical record for the period in question. In the long term, rainfall or temperature are above median in one half of years, and below median in the other half.
Example 1: For the July to September period at Mackay in Queensland, one-half of 3-month rainfall totals have been below 80mm, and one-half have been above. If rainfall was above 80mm in that period it would be "wetter than average" or above median. Over the long haul there is a 50% chance of this occurring. In terms of odds this is even money.
Example 2: In Sydney, one-half of summers (Dec-Feb) have a mean maximum temperature above 25.7°C, with the other half being below. Therefore 25.7°C is the median.
Note that the mean or average maximum temperature is the average of all the daily highest temperatures for the period.
Similarly, the mean or average minimum temperature is the average of all the daily lowest temperatures for the period
Q: HOW ACCURATE ARE THE OUTLOOKS?

A: In the places and seasons where the outlooks are most skilful, the category of the eventual outcome (above or below median) is consistent with the category favoured in the outlook about 75% of the time. In the least skilful areas, the outlooks perform no better than random chance or guessing. The rainfall outlooks perform best in eastern and northern Australia between July and January, but are less useful in autumn and in the west of the continent. The skill at predicting seasonal maximum temperature peaks in early winter and drops off marginally during the second half of the year. The lowest point in skill occurs in early autumn. The skill at predicting seasonal minimum temperature peaks in late autumn and again in mid-spring. There are also two distinct periods when the skill is lowest - namely late summer and mid-winter. However, it must always be remembered that the outlooks are statements of chance or risk. For example, if you were told there was a 50:50 chance of a horse winning a race but it ran second, the original assessment of a 50:50 chance could still have been correct.
Q: WILL CATEGORICAL OUTLOOKS EVER BE ISSUED? (Eg. It WILL be drier than average.)

A: Very unlikely. There is a certain level of natural variability in the climate which is chaotic and unpredictable. This is particularly the case with rainfall. For example, rainfall in a season can be significantly above average in one region, and significantly below average less than 50km away.
Q: HOW SHOULD THE OUTLOOKS BE USED?

A: As another tool in risk management and decision making. The benefits accrue from long-term use, say over 10 years. At any given time, the probabilities may seem inaccurate, but taken over several years, the advantages of taking account of the risks will outweigh the disadvantages. For more information on the use of probabilities, farmers could contact their local departments of agriculture or primary industry.



Definitions and Explanations....

THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX (SOI) is calculated using the barometric pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin.

The SOI is one indicator of the stage of El Niņo or La Niņa events in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is best considered in conjunction with sea-surface temperatures, which form the basis of the outlooks.

A strongly negative SOI (below -10) is characteristic of El Niņo, which is often associated with below average rainfall over eastern Australia, and a weaker than normal monsoon in the north.

A strongly positive SOI (above +10) is characteristic of La Niņa, which is often associated with above average rainfall over parts of tropical and eastern Australia, and an earlier than normal start to the northern monsoon season.

El Niño & La Niña

El Niņo translates from Spanish as "the boy-child", and refers to the extensive warming of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean.

La Niņa translates from Spanish as "the girl-child", and refers to the extensive cooling of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. The term has recently become the conventional label for the opposite of El Niņo.

See http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/elnino.shtml for more on SOI and El Niņo.


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