Sunday, 1 October 2023 - Monthly Climate Summary for Victoria - Product code IDCKGC16R0

Victoria in September 2023

Rainfall

  • Averaged across the state rainfall for September was 21.2 mm, which was 67.1% below the 1961–1990 average and the lowest September rainfall on record.
  • September rainfall totals were very much below average (the lowest 10% since records began) for almost all of the state, and the lowest on record for the South West coast extending into the Central district and parts of the East Gippsland and North East districts.
  • Conditions in September were mostly under the influence of several high pressure systems and resulted in cloud-free days; as a result rainfall totals across Victoria, were generally less than 60 % of their average and with little or no rainfall recorded across the north and the coastal Central district.

Temperature

  • Averaged across the state, the mean maximum temperature for September was 3.77 °C above the 1961–1990 average and it was the warmest on record for September.
  • Mean maximum temperatures were the highest on record across much of Victoria, with anomalies more than 4 °C above the 1960–1991 average across the northern Mallee, North East and East Gippsland districts.
  • During the month several high pressure systems bought prolonged heat and warmer maximum (daytime) temperatures to Victoria, and many sites had their highest September temperature on record.
  • Mildura Airport recorded 20 days of maximum temperatures 20.0 °C or above, this was the highest consecutive days with maximum temperatures 20.0 °C or above in September. The previous record was 13 days in 2013.
  • Many sites had their highest September mean daily maximum (daytime) temperature on record.
  • Averaged across the state, the mean minimum temperature for September was 0.63 °C above the 1961–1990 average.
  • Mean minimum temperatures were above to very much above average for most of the southern parts of the state stretching into the north-east and below average for parts of the Mallee and Wimmera.
  • Several sites across the state's North East, East Gippsland and North Central districts had their warmest September night (highest daily minimum temperature) on record or their highest September mean daily minimum temperature on record.
  • Averaged across the state, the mean temperature for September was 2.43 °C above the 1961–1990 average. It was the second-highest on record and the warmest since 2013.
  • Many sites across Victoria had their highest September mean temperature on record.

Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top

Extremes in September 2023
Hottest day 36.5 °C at Mildura Airport on the 18th
Warmest days on average 25.0 °C at Mildura Airport
Coolest days on average 9.2 °C at Mount Buller
Coldest day -1.6 °C at Falls Creek on the 8th
Coldest night -6.8 °C at Falls Creek on the 9th
Coolest nights on average 1.5 °C at Falls Creek
Warmest nights on average 10.8 °C at Cape Nelson Lighthouse
10.8 °C at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse
Warmest night 19.9 °C at Orbost on the 20th
Warmest on average overall 16.3 °C at Mildura Airport
Coolest on average overall 5.4 °C at Falls Creek
Wettest overall 107.6 mm at Mount Baw Baw
Wettest day 42.4 mm at Yarragon South on the 9th
Strongest wind gust 137 km/h at Mount Hotham on the 7th

Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top

Maps
ObservedAnomalyDecile rank
Total
rainfall		 Map of Rainfall totals Map of Percentage of normal rainfall Map of Rainfall deciles
Mean
daily
maximum
temperatures		 Map of Mean maximum temperature Map of Anomaly in mean maximum temperature Map of Decile rank of mean maximum temperature
Mean
daily
minimum
temperatures		 Map of Mean minimum temperature Map of Anomaly in mean minimum temperature Map of Decile rank of mean minimum temperature

Click on a map to show it full size in a pop-up window

Record highest September temperature
New record
(°C)		 Old
record		 Years of
record		 Average for
September
Gabo Island Lighthouse 34.6 on the 19th 31.2 on the 23rd in 2017 113 16.0
Dartmouth Reservoir 28.5 on the 19th 28.4 on the 30th in 1980 45 16.6
Wangaratta Aero 29.4 on the 19th 29.3 on the 27th in 2008 36 17.6
Falls Creek 16.2 on the 14th 14.5 on the 23rd in 2014 34 4.8
Cerberus 28.9 on the 30th = 28.9 on the 19th in 2011 32 16.5
Mortlake Racecourse 28.4 on the 30th 27.9 on the 28th in 2014 32 15.8
Port Fairy AWS 29.6 on the 30th 28.1 on the 28th in 2014 32 16.6
Rhyll 25.2 on the 30th 25.1 on the 19th in 2011 32 16.1
Avalon Airport 31.3 on the 30th = 31.3 on the 19th in 2006 29 17.7
Cape Nelson Lighthouse 29.3 on the 30th 28.1 on the 21st in 2004 28 15.9
Mount Baw Baw 16.7 on the 14th 16.6 on the 23rd in 2017 26 5.7
Warrnambool Airport NDB 27.8 on the 30th 26.3 on the 28th in 2014 25 16.0
Kanagulk 29.4 on the 30th = 29.4 on the 28th in 2014 20 16.5


Record highest September mean daily maximum temperature
New record
(°C)		 Old
record		 Years of
record		 Average for
September
Gabo Island Lighthouse 19.2 18.9 in 1878 143 16.0
Kerang 22.9 22.5 in 1944 116 19.2
Maryborough 20.0 19.6 in 1899 116 16.7
Ballarat Aerodrome 16.9 16.1 in 2006 113 13.9
Rutherglen Research 21.2 20.3 in 1914 109 17.2
Laverton RAAF 20.8 19.9 in 1972 79 17.1
East Sale 20.4 20.0 in 1972 78 17.1
Scoresby Research Institute 19.8 19.1 in 2013 66 16.6
Mangalore Airport 20.2 19.5 in 2006 64 16.9
Tatura Inst Sustainable Ag 20.4 20.1 in 2001 58 17.5
Kyabram 21.2 20.7 in 1999 56 17.7
Ararat Prison 18.5 17.7 in 2014 54 15.3
Castlemaine Prison 18.6 18.4 in 1972 54 15.7
Essendon Airport 20.6 19.2 in 2013 53 16.9
Lake Eildon 20.2 19.2 in 2001 53 16.6
Melbourne Airport 20.7 19.1 in 2013 53 16.8
Moorabbin Airport 20.0 19.1 in 2013 52 17.0
Strathbogie 17.6 16.5 in 2001 45 14.3
Bairnsdale Airport 21.8 19.9 in 1999 42 17.8
Portland Airport 17.4 17.3 in 2013 41 15.3
Hamilton Airport 17.5 17.3 in 2013 40 15.3
Morwell (Latrobe Valley Airport) 19.3 18.7 in 2013 39 17.0
Mount Buller 9.2 7.4 in 2013 37 4.9
Wangaratta Aero 20.3 20.2 in 2006 35 17.6
Falls Creek 9.3 7.4 in 2002 33 4.8
Aireys Inlet 19.0 17.6 in 2014 31 16.2
Bendigo Airport 20.6 19.0 in 2001 31 17.0
Cerberus 19.2 18.2 in 2013 31 16.5
Mortlake Racecourse 18.1 17.5 in 2013 31 15.8
Port Fairy AWS 18.8 18.3 in 2013 31 16.6
Rhyll 18.4 18.0 in 2001 31 16.1
She Oaks 18.5 17.3 in 2013 31 15.4
Gelantipy 17.6 15.7 in 2013 30 13.8
Hunters Hill 15.8 14.6 in 2006 30 12.3
Mallacoota 20.7 19.2 in 2013 30 17.5
Redesdale 19.8 18.5 in 2006 30 16.4
Combienbar AWS 19.7 17.4 in 2020 29 15.8
Mount Moornapa 20.0 18.3 in 2013 29 16.3
Wallan (Kilmore Gap) 16.3 15.1 in 2013 29 13.2
Yarrawonga 21.4 21.0 in 2006 29 18.5
Avalon Airport 20.9 19.2 in 2013 28 17.7
Coldstream 19.9 19.1 in 2013 28 17.3
Eildon Fire Tower 16.6 15.6 in 2006 27 13.6
Mount Nowa Nowa 20.8 18.3 in 2013 27 16.9
Shepparton Airport 20.8 20.7 in 2006 27 18.2
Stawell Aerodrome 18.8 18.4 in 2014 27 16.6
Swan Hill Aerodrome 23.2 22.9 in 2013 26 20.3
Horsham Aerodrome 20.3 20.1 in 2006 25 17.9
Mount Baw Baw 9.9 7.8 in 2013 25 5.7
Warrnambool Airport NDB 18.0 17.7 in 2013 24 16.0
Colac (Mount Gellibrand) 17.2 16.0 in 2006 23 14.6
Viewbank 20.8 19.5 in 2013 23 17.7
Orbost 21.2 19.9 in 2013 22 18.2
Nhill Aerodrome 21.0 20.8 in 2006 20 18.2

Highest September mean daily maximum temperature for at least 20 years
Observed
(°C)		 Most recent
higher		 Average for
September
Cape Otway Lighthouse 17.1 18.0 in 1897* 15.2
Longerenong 20.4 21.1 in 1907* 17.3
Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse 16.3 16.6 in 2001 14.3

* note: there are gaps in the historical record at this site, so it is possible a higher value has gone unreported



Record highest September daily minimum temperature
New record
(°C)		 Old
record		 Years of
record		 Average for
September
Gabo Island Lighthouse 18.7 on the 20th 16.8 on the 29th in 1987 114 9.7
Mount Buller 11.3 on the 19th 9.9 on the 26th in 1987 38 -0.7
Falls Creek 10.3 on the 19th 7.9 on the 30th in 2001 34 -0.8
Hunters Hill 15.2 on the 19th 13.6 on the 16th in 1999 31 4.5
Combienbar AWS 18.8 on the 20th 17.9 on the 23rd in 2017 30 6.5
Eildon Fire Tower 15.9 on the 19th 15.8 on the 21st in 2019 28 5.7
Mount Baw Baw 11.4 on the 19th 8.8 on the 23rd in 2017 26 -0.2
Orbost 19.9 on the 20th 17.0 on the 24th in 2001 23 7.6
Omeo 15.0 on the 20th 14.5 on the 13th in 2009 20 3.1


Record highest September mean daily minimum temperature
New record
(°C)		 Old
record		 Years of
record		 Average for
September
Mount Buller 2.0 1.5 in 2001 37 -0.7
Falls Creek 1.5 1.3 in 2001 33 -0.8
Hunters Hill 6.8 6.3 in 2013 30 4.5
Mount Moornapa 8.8 8.6 in 2013 29 6.9
Mount Baw Baw 2.4 1.6 in 1999 25 -0.2


Record highest September mean temperature
New record
(°C)		 Old
record		 Years of
record		 Average for
September
Laverton RAAF 14.4 14.1 in 2013 79 11.9
Essendon Airport 14.7 14.3 in 2013 53 11.9
Melbourne Airport 14.2 14.1 in 2013 53 11.9
Moorabbin Airport 14.4 = 14.4 in 2013 52 12.5
Bairnsdale Airport 13.8 13.6 in 2013 42 11.8
Mount Buller 5.6 4.5 in 2001 37 2.1
Falls Creek 5.4 4.4 in 2001 33 2.0
Aireys Inlet 14.2 13.6 in 2014 31 12.2
Bendigo Airport 12.8 12.7 in 2013 31 10.8
Gelantipy 11.7 11.1 in 2013 30 9.1
Hunters Hill 11.3 10.3 in 2006 30 8.4
Mallacoota 14.9 14.4 in 2013 30 12.9
Redesdale 12.2 11.8 in 2013 30 10.3
Combienbar AWS 14.0 13.0 in 2013 29 11.1
Mount Moornapa 14.4 13.5 in 2013 29 11.6
Wallan (Kilmore Gap) 11.6 11.4 in 2013 29 9.4
Cape Nelson Lighthouse 14.2 = 14.2 in 2013 27 12.7
Eildon Fire Tower 12.0 11.4 in 2013 27 9.7
Mount Nowa Nowa 14.9 13.9 in 2013 27 12.4
Mount Baw Baw 6.1 4.6 in 1999 25 2.7
Colac (Mount Gellibrand) 12.3 12.0 in 2013 23 10.5

Highest September mean temperature for at least 20 years
Observed
(°C)		 Most recent
higher		 Average for
September
Mangalore Airport 12.6 12.8 in 1981 11.1


Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top

Summary statistics for September 2023
Maximum temperatures
(°C)		 Minimum temperatures
(°C)		 Rainfall
(millimetres)
Mean for
September
2023		 Diff
from
average		 Highest for
September
2023		 Mean for
September
2023		 Diff
from
average		 Lowest for
September
2023		 Total for
September
2023		 Average
for
September		 Rank of
September
2023		 Fraction of
September
average
North Mallee (district 76)
Mildura Airport 25.0 +4.4 36.5 18th 7.6 +0.2 0.3 9th 2.4 26.5 v low 9%
Walpeup Research 23.7 +4.0 33.1 30th 7.4 +0.5 0.1 9th 11.0 31.7 low 35%
South Mallee (district 77)
Hopetoun Airport 23.1 +3.0 32.7 30th 4.3 -0.6 -2.2 9th 6.4 28.2 low 23%
Swan Hill Aerodrome 23.2 +2.9 31.8 30th 5.4 -0.4 0.6 9th 5.4 27.8 v low 19%
North Wimmera (district 78)
Kellalac (Warracknabeal Airport) 21.5   31.6 30th 4.8   -0.3 9th 12.0
Nhill Aerodrome 21.0 +2.8 31.3 30th 6.0 +0.2 0.2 9th 10.8 32.5 v low 33%
South Wimmera (district 79)
Edenhope Airport 18.7 +1.8 27.6 29th 6.8 +0.3 1.3 9th 20.4 48.5 v low 42%
Grampians (Mount William) 11.5 +2.7 20.8 30th 4.3 +2.2 -1.6 9th 67.4 115.4 low 58%
Horsham Aerodrome 20.3 +2.4 30.2 30th 4.2 -0.2 -0.2 29th 13.4 38.4 v low 35%
Kanagulk 18.7 +2.2 29.4 30th 5.6 0.0 0.7 22nd 21.4 44.4 low 48%
Longerenong 20.4 +3.1 30.1 30th 4.5 -0.5 -0.7 22nd 11.2 40.5 v low 28%
Pyrenees (Ben Nevis) 14.7 +2.9 24.2 30th 6.2 +2.1 -0.2 9th 34.4 69.8 low 49%
Stawell Aerodrome 18.8 +2.2 29.0 30th 5.9 -0.1 0.5 2nd 20.8 48.9 low 43%
Lower North (district 80)
Charlton 21.8 +3.0 31.5 30th 4.9 -0.4 -0.7 9th 8.2 36.4 v low 23%
Echuca Aerodrome 21.5 +3.1 28.8 19th 5.3 -1.0 -0.1 9th 5.2 38.5 v low 14%
Kerang 22.9 +3.7 32.1 30th 6.7 +0.1 1.0 9th 7.6 35.4 v low 21%
Kyabram 21.2 +3.5 28.7 30th 5.5 +0.2 0.1 9th 12.0 41.3 v low 29%
Upper North (district 81)
Bendigo Airport 20.6 +3.6 29.1 30th 5.0 +0.4 -1.1 6th 10.6 51.6 v low 21%
Shepparton Airport 20.8 +2.6 28.1 30th 5.5 0.0 0.4 6th 15.6 37.2 low 42%
Tatura Inst Sustainable Ag 20.4 +2.9 28.1 30th 5.6 +0.2 0.5 9th 13.6 42.6 v low 32%
Yarrawonga 21.4 +2.9 32.5 19th 4.6 -0.5 0.1 9th 12.4 43.1 v low 29%
Lower Northeast (district 82)
Benalla Airport 20.1 +2.4 27.6 19th 5.0 +0.4 -0.3 6th 17.5 41.4 low 42%
Hunters Hill 15.8 +3.5 24.3 19th 6.8 +2.3 -0.6 9th 18.0 117.0 lowest 15%
Rutherglen Research 21.2 +4.0 31.0 19th 3.2 -0.9 -1.1 6th 9.4 53.7 v low 18%
Strathbogie 17.6 +3.3 23.1 30th 3.6 -0.1 -2.0 6th 37.4 93.5 low 40%
Wangaratta Aero 20.3 +2.7 29.4 19th 4.4 -0.2 -0.2 6th 9.8 53.1 lowest 18%
Upper Northeast (district 83)
Edi Upper 18.4 +2.1 24.6 19th 6.0 +0.8 0.8 6th 31.2 97.1 v low 32%
Falls Creek 9.3 +4.5 16.2 14th 1.5 +2.3 -6.8 9th 56.8 119.9 low 47%
Mount Buller 9.2 +4.3 16.4 19th 2.0 +2.7 -5.3 9th 88.4 142.7 low 62%
Omeo 19.4 +4.1 26.7 19th 2.9 -0.2 -3.4 23rd 21.8 54.1 v low 40%
East Gippsland (district 84)
Combienbar AWS 19.7 +3.9 29.5 19th 8.4 +1.9 3.2 9th 31.8 72.7 low 44%
Gabo Island Lighthouse 19.2 +3.2 34.6 19th     9.8 7th 21.6 71.0 v low 30%
Gelantipy 17.6 +3.8 25.9 19th 5.9 +1.5 -0.7 2nd 19.0 58.4 v low 33%
Lakes Entrance (Eastern Beach Road) 20.5 +2.5 34.5 19th 7.8 +0.1 2.2 3rd 22.0 49.2 v low 45%
Mallacoota 20.7 +3.2 34.7 19th 9.2 +0.9 4.2 10th 22.0 76.0 v low 29%
Mount Nowa Nowa 20.8 +3.9 32.5 19th 9.0 +1.2 4.3 5th 25.6 62.6 v low 41%
Orbost 21.2 +3.0 32.9 19th 7.9 +0.3 2.8 3rd 24.8 60.0 low 41%
West Gippsland (district 85)
Bairnsdale Airport 21.8 +4.0 33.5 19th 5.7 -0.2 -0.3 3rd 18.6 50.2 v low 37%
Corner Inlet (Yanakie) 17.8 +1.6 26.6 30th 7.9 +0.1 1.3 2nd 61.2 79.1 average 77%
East Sale 20.4 +3.3 29.9 30th 6.1 +0.5 0.0 6th 21.2 49.3 v low 43%
East Sale Airport 20.9   30.7 30th 5.9   -0.4 6th 21.4
Morwell (Latrobe Valley Airport) 19.3 +2.3 25.3 14th 5.8 -0.1 -1.8 2nd 38.6 73.6 v low 52%
Mount Baw Baw 9.9 +4.2 16.7 14th 2.4 +2.6 -4.3 22nd 107.6 159.4 low 68%
Mount Moornapa 20.0 +3.7 31.1 19th 8.8 +1.9 2.9 2nd 20.8 54.7 v low 38%
Nilma North (Warragul) 18.8   27.4 30th 6.7   1.1 6th 71.4 82.7 average 86%
Pound Creek 18.7 +2.1 27.8 30th 7.7 +0.2 0.5 2nd 56.8 79.1 low 72%
Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse 16.3 +2.0 27.2 30th 10.8 +1.8 7.8 9th 63.0 98.3 low 64%
Yarram Airport 20.3 +3.1 30.7 30th 5.3 -0.8 -2.4 2nd 25.6 48.3 v low 53%
East Central (district 86)
Cerberus 19.2 +2.7 28.9 30th 7.5 -0.1 1.3 2nd 42.8 66.5 low 64%
Coldstream 19.9 +2.6 26.8 30th 6.0 +0.4 0.8 3rd 45.4 68.2 low 67%
Essendon Airport 20.6 +3.7 29.4 30th 8.9 +2.0 3.4 2nd 10.2 50.4 lowest 20%
Ferny Creek 16.7 +2.9 25.0 30th 7.9 +1.2 1.9 9th 63.2 96.0 v low 66%
Frankston (Ballam Park) 19.2   28.7 30th 8.9   3.6 2nd 32.6
Melbourne (Olympic Park) 20.1 +2.3 29.7 30th 9.6 +0.1 3.9 2nd 10.8 44.5 v low 24%
Melbourne Airport 20.7 +3.9 29.6 30th 7.8 +0.7 1.7 2nd 8.6 45.8 v low 19%
Moorabbin Airport 20.0 +3.0 30.4 30th 8.8 +0.7 1.9 2nd 16.4 63.2 lowest 26%
Rhyll 18.4 +2.3 25.2 30th 10.2 +0.7 6.7 2nd 31.4 66.5 lowest 47%
Scoresby Research Institute 19.8 +3.2 27.3 29th 8.4 +0.8 1.5 2nd 31.2 80.8 v low 39%
Viewbank 20.8 +3.1 28.9 29th 8.0 +0.2 1.0 2nd 20.8 54.7 v low 38%
West Central (district 87)
Avalon Airport 20.9 +3.2 31.3 30th 6.6 -0.1 0.1 3rd 5.6 43.3 lowest 13%
Breakwater (Geelong Racecourse) 20.3 +2.7 30.9 30th 8.0 +0.2 2.5 3rd 6.8 48.2 v low 14%
Laverton RAAF 20.8 +3.7 31.1 30th 7.9 +1.1 0.9 2nd 5.8 47.8 lowest 12%
Point Cook RAAF 20.2   31.7 30th 7.7   1.1 2nd 6.0
She Oaks 18.5 +3.1 27.8 30th 6.4 +0.2 0.4 3rd 14.8 46.8 lowest 32%
North Central (district 88)
Castlemaine Prison 18.6 +2.9 25.5 18th 5.5 +0.4 -0.5 9th 17.2 60.2 v low 29%
Eildon Fire Tower 16.6 +3.0 23.4 30th 7.3 +1.6 1.9 9th 24.4 63.4 low 38%
Lake Eildon 20.2 +3.6 27.0 30th 6.4 +0.8 1.2 2nd 31.8 81.4 v low 39%
Mangalore Airport 20.2 +3.3 27.2 30th 5.1 -0.2 -1.1 6th 16.6 54.1 v low 31%
Maryborough 20.0 +3.3 29.3 30th 5.4 0.0 -0.8 9th 11.8 51.6 v low 23%
Puckapunyal Lyon Hill (Defence) 20.0   27.0 30th 7.4   0.9 9th 12.4
Puckapunyal West (Defence) 19.4   26.5 30th 6.7   1.4 6th 13.2
Redesdale 19.8 +3.4 24.7 19th 4.2 0.0 -1.3 6th 4.4 52.9 v low 8%
Wallan (Kilmore Gap) 16.3 +3.1 23.9 29th 6.8 +1.1 2.2 6th 18.0 59.9 v low 30%
Western Plains (district 89)
Ararat Prison 18.5 +3.2 27.8 30th 5.9 +0.8 -0.8 2nd 25.9 60.5 v low 43%
Ballarat Aerodrome 16.9 +3.0 25.4 30th 4.9 +0.1 -0.9 22nd 22.8 70.6 v low 32%
Westmere 17.7 +2.1 27.9 30th 4.7 -0.2 -0.7 2nd 17.0 49.1 v low 35%
West Coast (district 90)
Aireys Inlet 19.0 +2.8 30.3 30th 9.3 +1.1 4.7 6th 10.2 56.7 lowest 18%
Cape Nelson Lighthouse 17.5 +1.6 29.3 30th 10.8 +1.4 6.2 11th 27.6 71.4 v low 39%
Cape Otway Lighthouse 17.1 +1.9 28.3 30th 10.2 +1.7 5.6 3rd 38.4 89.9 v low 43%
Casterton 18.1 +1.9 26.4 29th 6.8 +0.7 -0.2 22nd 37.4 65.4 low 57%
Colac (Mount Gellibrand) 17.2 +2.6 27.2 30th 7.4 +0.9 3.0 9th 25.4 53.2 low 48%
Dartmoor 19.0 +2.7 29.7 30th 7.3 +0.6 0.6 22nd 35.2 69.0 v low 51%
Hamilton Airport 17.5 +2.2 27.7 30th 6.3 +0.5 1.6 22nd 27.8 66.9 v low 42%
Mortlake Racecourse 18.1 +2.3 28.4 30th 6.3 +0.7 -0.1 22nd 28.0 57.9 v low 48%
Port Fairy AWS 18.8 +2.2 29.6 30th 8.9 +0.6 2.2 29th 25.2 67.2 lowest 38%
Portland Airport 17.4 +2.1 28.4 30th 8.7 +1.2 4.1 23rd 43.0 85.8 v low 50%
Warrnambool Airport NDB 18.0 +2.0 27.8 30th 7.0 +0.2 1.4 29th 30.6 73.2 lowest 42%

Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top

Notes

The Monthly climate summary, usually published in the first week of the following month, lists the main features of the weather in Victoria using the most timely and accurate information available on the date of publication; it will generally not be updated.

This statement has been prepared based on information available at 3 pm on Sunday 1 October 2023. Some checks have been made on the data, but it is possible that results will change as new information becomes available.

In some situations, some or all of the rainfall is in the form of hail or snow. In these cases the totals given are for the water equivalent: the depth of liquid water that results from melting any frozen precipitation. There can be significant 'undercatch' of snow in strong winds, meaning the true precipitation can be higher than that reported.

Averages for individual sites are long-term means based on observations from all available years of record, which vary widely from site to site. They are not shown for sites with less than 10 years of record, as they cannot then be calculated reliably.
The median is sometimes more representative than the mean of long-term average rain.

The Rank indicates how rainfall this time compares with the climate record for the site, based on the decile ranking (very low rainfall is in decile 1, low in decile 2 or 3, average in decile 4 to 7, high in decile 8 or 9 and very high is in decile 10).
The Fraction of average shows how much rain has fallen this time as a percentage of the long-term mean.

Where temperature area averages are mentioned, they are derived from the ACORN-SAT dataset.

Information about Australian Indigenous seasonal calendars is available at the Indigenous Weather Knowledge website.

Creative Commons By Attribution logo Unless otherwise noted, all maps, graphs and diagrams in this page are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence

Climate