Latest Weather Observations for Northern Territory
IDD60800
Issued at 6:41 am CST Sunday 4 January 2026 (issued every 10 minutes, with the page automatically refreshed every 5 minutes)
Where no observation is available within the last 75 minutes, the latest observation is shown in italics and coloured and removed from the table after 30 hours.
Station names link to data for the previous 72 hours. These observations have not been quality controlled.
DALY
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Batchelor | 04/06:40am | 23.8 | 29.5 | 23.8 | 100 | 0.0 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.2 | 0.4 | 23.7 06:15am |
23.9 06:40am |
W | 7 02:59am |
4 02:59am |
| Bradshaw | 04/06:40am | 25.8 | 32.4 | 25.3 | 97 | 0.4 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.8 | 0.0 | 25.4 06:21am |
25.8 06:40am |
NNW | 22 04:15am |
12 04:15am |
| Bradshaw-Angallari Valley (Defence) | 04/06:40am | 27.0 | 33.7 | 25.9 | 94 | 0.8 | SE | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1006.5 | 0.2 | 26.8 06:30am |
27.0 06:40am |
NE | 7 04:43am |
4 04:43am |
| Channel Point | 03/09:00am | 27.0 | 33.5 | 26.2 | 95 | 0.6 | W | 4 | - | 2 | - | 1006.6 | 65.0 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Charles Point | 04/06:00am | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Darwin Airport | 04/06:40am | 25.7 | 32.6 | 25.7 | 100 | 0.0 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.5 | 4.8 | 25.5 05:31am |
25.7 06:40am |
WSW | 9 03:23am |
5 03:23am |
| Darwin Harbour | 04/06:40am | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1005.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Douglas River | 04/06:40am | 24.7 | 30.8 | 24.4 | 98 | 0.2 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.2 | 0.0 | 24.2 04:57am |
24.7 06:40am |
NE | 7 06:06am |
4 06:06am |
| Dum In Mirrie | 04/06:40am | 28.8 | 35.4 | 27.0 | 90 | 1.3 | WNW | 6 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 1005.7 | 1.2 | 25.1 01:30am |
28.9 06:40am |
WSW | 17 05:30am |
9 05:30am |
| East Point | 04/06:40am | 26.8 | 33.2 | 26.1 | 96 | 0.5 | WSW | 4 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1006.3 | 3.6 | 25.3 10:42pm |
26.9 06:34am |
WSW | 9 03:32am |
5 03:32am |
| Gunn Point | 04/06:40am | 24.6 | 30.6 | 24.2 | 98 | 0.3 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.4 | 5.6 | 24.3 05:47am |
24.6 06:40am |
WNW | 6 01:55am |
3 01:55am |
| Kangaroo Flats (Defence) | 04/06:40am | 24.7 | 31.0 | 24.7 | 100 | 0.0 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2.8 | 24.4 05:23am |
24.8 06:40am |
SSE | 4 01:54am |
2 01:54am |
| Knuckey Lagoon | 04/06:40am | 25.3 | 31.9 | 25.3 | 100 | 0.0 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.1 | 6.2 | 24.8 04:47am |
25.3 06:40am |
NW | 7 01:58am |
4 01:58am |
| Middle Point | 04/06:40am | 25.1 | 31.5 | 24.9 | 99 | 0.1 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.3 | 3.4 | 24.5 04:17am |
25.2 06:40am |
ESE | 7 02:19am |
4 02:19am |
| Mount Bundey North (Defence) | 04/06:40am | 24.1 | 29.8 | 23.7 | 98 | 0.3 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0.0 | 23.7 05:26am |
24.2 06:40am |
- | 0 06:40am |
0 06:40am |
| Mount Bundey South (Defence) | 04/06:40am | 24.3 | 30.3 | 24.3 | 100 | 0.0 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1008.1 | 0.6 | 23.8 05:54am |
24.4 06:40am |
NNE | 6 06:24am |
3 06:24am |
| Noonamah | 04/06:40am | 24.8 | 31.0 | 24.6 | 99 | 0.1 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.0 | 3.4 | 24.6 06:15am |
24.8 06:40am |
WNW | 6 02:11am |
3 02:11am |
| Point Stuart | 04/06:40am | 25.2 | 29.9 | 24.3 | 95 | 0.6 | E | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1006.3 | 0.4 | 24.9 06:10am |
25.2 06:40am |
S | 17 03:09am |
9 03:09am |
| Wadeye (Port Keats) | 04/06:40am | 26.3 | 33.5 | 26.1 | 99 | 0.1 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1005.9 | 0.0 | 25.8 06:22am |
26.4 06:40am |
NNE | 4 12:11am |
2 12:11am |
TIWI
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Pirlangimpi | 04/06:40am | 27.2 | 34.3 | 26.6 | 96 | 0.4 | NW | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1006.6 | 3.4 | 26.1 05:35am |
27.3 06:40am |
NW | 6 06:39am |
3 06:39am |
| Point Fawcett | 04/06:40am | 29.4 | 33.7 | 27.2 | 88 | 1.6 | W | 19 | 20 | 10 | 11 | 1006.6 | 12.6 | 27.8 08:54pm |
29.5 06:40am |
W | 26 06:35am |
14 06:35am |
ARNHEM
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Bulman | 04/06:40am | 24.3 | 29.8 | 23.4 | 95 | 0.6 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.4 | 0.8 | 23.9 04:26am |
24.4 06:35am |
N | 9 05:45am |
5 05:45am |
| Cape Wessel | 04/06:40am | 28.9 | 31.4 | 25.9 | 84 | 2.1 | NW | 24 | 28 | 13 | 15 | 1007.7 | 0.4 | 26.4 10:13pm |
28.9 06:40am |
NW | 48 05:25am |
26 05:25am |
| Central Arnhem Plateau | 04/06:40am | 23.6 | 28.0 | 21.3 | 87 | 1.5 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.0 | 0.0 | 23.5 05:29am |
23.8 06:39am |
NNW | 20 03:57am |
11 03:57am |
| Croker Island Airport | 04/06:40am | 28.5 | 33.1 | 25.9 | 86 | 1.8 | WNW | 13 | 17 | 7 | 9 | 1006.6 | 1.2 | 27.2 12:56am |
28.6 06:40am |
W | 24 06:37am |
13 06:37am |
| Gove Airport | 04/06:40am | 26.6 | 31.4 | 24.4 | 88 | 1.5 | NNW | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1007.0 | 9.2 | 26.0 05:47am |
26.6 06:40am |
NW | 28 05:20am |
15 05:20am |
| Groote Eylandt Airport | 04/06:40am | 28.5 | 32.7 | 25.9 | 86 | 1.8 | NNW | 15 | 17 | 8 | 9 | 1006.5 | 0.2 | 27.6 04:24am |
28.5 06:40am |
NNW | 26 06:04am |
14 06:04am |
| Jabiru | 04/06:40am | 25.4 | 30.6 | 25.1 | 98 | 0.2 | ESE | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1006.5 | 0.0 | 25.3 06:38am |
25.4 06:40am |
ESE | 9 06:40am |
5 06:40am |
| Maningrida Airport | 04/06:40am | 25.7 | 30.8 | 24.7 | 94 | 0.7 | SW | 6 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1006.3 | 0.6 | 25.0 06:19am |
25.7 06:40am |
WNW | 13 02:54am |
7 02:54am |
| McCluer Island | 04/03:30am | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Milingimbi | 04/06:40am | 26.3 | 32.8 | 25.1 | 93 | 0.8 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.6 | 15.2 | 26.2 06:36am |
26.6 06:01am |
WNW | 15 03:52am |
8 03:52am |
| Murganella Airstrip | 04/06:40am | 25.8 | 32.8 | 25.8 | 100 | 0.0 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.6 | 0.2 | 25.2 01:45am |
25.9 06:40am |
WSW | 4 03:47am |
2 03:47am |
| Ngayawili (Elcho Island) | 04/06:40am | 29.1 | 31.5 | 27.5 | 91 | 1.2 | - | 30 | 33 | 16 | 18 | 1006.8 | 8.2 | 28.3 02:36am |
29.6 06:35am |
- | 41 05:22am |
22 05:22am |
| Ngukurr AWS | 04/06:40am | 26.4 | 33.2 | 25.5 | 95 | 0.6 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.2 | 2.0 | 26.2 06:29am |
26.4 06:40am |
WSW | 13 01:31am |
7 01:31am |
| Oenpelli Airport | 04/06:40am | 25.7 | 30.8 | 24.6 | 94 | 0.8 | ESE | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1006.8 | 0.2 | 25.3 04:12am |
25.9 06:05am |
E | 9 06:04am |
5 06:04am |
| Warruwi | 04/06:40am | 27.6 | 33.6 | 26.0 | 91 | 1.1 | NW | 6 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 1006.9 | 0.0 | 26.1 01:48am |
28.0 06:06am |
NW | 13 06:37am |
7 06:37am |
CARPENTARIA
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Borroloola | 04/06:40am | 26.0 | 32.8 | 25.5 | 97 | 0.4 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1005.9 | 36.6 | 25.3 06:04am |
26.0 06:40am |
S | 9 05:22am |
5 05:22am |
| Centre Island | 04/06:40am | 28.2 | 34.1 | 26.8 | 92 | 1.0 | NW | 9 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 1005.6 | 7.2 | 25.5 07:46pm |
28.2 06:40am |
N | 20 03:07am |
11 03:07am |
| Daly Waters | 04/06:40am | 25.4 | 30.5 | 24.7 | 96 | 0.5 | W | 6 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1006.0 | 0.0 | 24.8 06:11am |
25.5 06:40am |
W | 15 06:34am |
8 06:34am |
| McArthur River Mine | 04/06:40am | 26.1 | 32.6 | 25.1 | 94 | 0.7 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.0 | 0.2 | 25.3 03:01am |
26.1 06:40am |
N | 11 02:30am |
6 02:30am |
| Tindal | 04/06:40am | 24.5 | 29.2 | 24.0 | 97 | 0.3 | SW | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1006.0 | 0.6 | 24.3 06:28am |
24.5 06:40am |
NW | 13 02:33am |
7 02:33am |
GREGORY
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Bradshaw-Koolendong Valley | 04/06:40am | 26.9 | 34.2 | 26.3 | 96 | 0.4 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1008.0 | - | 26.8 06:38am |
27.0 06:40am |
NNW | 19 02:43am |
10 02:43am |
| Delamere | 04/06:40am | 25.3 | 30.5 | 25.1 | 99 | 0.1 | WNW | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1005.2 | 0.2 | 25.1 06:29am |
25.3 06:40am |
NNW | 19 03:19am |
10 03:19am |
| Victoria River Downs | 04/06:40am | 26.7 | 33.7 | 25.8 | 95 | 0.6 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.0 | 1.4 | 26.3 06:10am |
26.7 06:40am |
SW | 6 04:01am |
3 04:01am |
BARKLY
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Tennant Creek | 04/06:40am | 26.2 | 28.1 | 20.5 | 71 | 3.8 | S | 11 | 13 | 6 | 7 | 1006.1 | 0.0 | 24.7 05:42am |
26.2 06:40am |
NE | 26 12:01am |
14 12:01am |
SIMPSON
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Alice Springs Airport | 04/06:40am | 28.0 | 24.5 | 5.6 | 24 | 11.9 | S | 13 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 1008.4 | 0.0 | 24.1 06:06am |
28.0 06:40am |
SSE | 15 06:33am |
8 06:33am |
| Jervois | 04/06:40am | 26.5 | 27.8 | 17.6 | 58 | 5.7 | SW | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1007.4 | 0.0 | 23.7 05:46am |
26.5 06:40am |
WSW | 11 06:32am |
6 06:32am |
| Territory Grape Farm | 04/06:40am | 28.3 | 27.4 | 11.3 | 34 | 10.0 | SSW | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1007.0 | 0.0 | 26.6 06:05am |
28.4 06:40am |
S | 17 12:09am |
9 12:09am |
LASSETER
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Curtin Springs | 04/06:00am | 24.5 | - | - | - | - | CALM | 0 | - | 0 | - | 1009.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Walungurru (Kintore) | 04/06:40am | 27.4 | 23.6 | 11.0 | 36 | 9.5 | SSE | 22 | 28 | 12 | 15 | 1007.7 | 0.0 | 25.5 04:44am |
27.4 06:40am |
SSE | 35 06:30am |
19 06:30am |
| Yulara | 04/06:40am | 24.2 | 20.3 | 1.2 | 22 | 11.0 | S | 11 | 13 | 6 | 7 | 1009.8 | 0.0 | 23.7 06:15am |
24.2 06:40am |
SSE | 44 01:20am |
24 01:20am |
TANAMI
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| The Granites Airport | 04/06:40am | 29.8 | 29.9 | 14.4 | 39 | 9.5 | SSE | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | - | 0.0 | 27.7 10:31pm |
29.9 06:37am |
SE | 13 06:31am |
7 06:31am |
| Lajamanu | 04/06:40am | 26.9 | 31.3 | 23.4 | 81 | 2.4 | W | 6 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1005.2 | 0.0 | 26.2 05:17am |
26.9 06:40am |
NNW | 9 05:42am |
5 05:42am |
| Rabbit Flat | 04/06:40am | 26.6 | 27.5 | 16.5 | 54 | 6.3 | SW | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1006.2 | 0.0 | 26.5 06:38am |
27.5 06:06am |
SSW | 13 05:20am |
7 05:20am |
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Giles* | 04/06:40am | 24.1 | 18.2 | -0.9 | 19 | 11.6 | E | 20 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1009.7 | 0.0 | 22.9 06:43am |
24.1 07:40am |
SE | 37 03:27am |
20 03:27am |
| Halls Creek | 04/06:40am | 27.4 | 29.9 | 21.0 | 68 | 4.3 | WNW | 9 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1005.8 | - | 26.6 04:01am |
39.7 02:43pm |
SW | 17 04:04am |
9 04:04am |
| Kalumburu | 04/06:40am | 24.6 | 30.6 | 24.3 | 98 | 0.2 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.8 | 3.8 | 24.6 05:10am |
34.8 01:22pm |
SSW | 7 01:34am |
4 01:34am |
| Kununurra Airport | 04/06:40am | 26.5 | 33.6 | 26.0 | 97 | 0.4 | CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1006.1 | 0.0 | 25.9 05:08am |
36.7 01:42pm |
N | 9 12:35am |
5 12:35am |
| Troughton Island | 04/06:40am | 29.5 | 31.9 | 27.5 | 89 | 1.4 | W | 30 | 33 | 16 | 18 | 1006.8 | 0.0 | 29.3 05:07am |
32.1 12:27pm |
WSW | 35 05:09am |
19 05:09am |
| Truscott | 04/05:00am | 27.7 | 33.0 | 25.9 | 90 | 1.3 | WSW | 9 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 1005.3 | 0.0 | 25.7 12:10am |
32.0 02:10pm |
SW | 15 02:51am |
8 02:51am |
| Warburton | 04/06:40am | 26.6 | 20.3 | -1.3 | 16 | 13.0 | E | 22 | 28 | 12 | 15 | 1010.1 | 0.0 | 25.7 03:24am |
39.1 04:05pm |
ESE | 32 01:24am |
17 01:24am |
| Wyndham Airport | 04/06:40am | 28.2 | 33.6 | 26.0 | 88 | 1.6 | NW | 9 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1005.8 | 0.0 | 28.0 04:46am |
36.6 12:17pm |
WSW | 15 02:55am |
8 02:55am |
QUEENSLAND
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Camooweal | 04/06:40am | 24.9 | 29.6 | 24.0 | 95 | 0.6 | S | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1006.4 | 0.6 | 24.5 06:33am |
25.0 07:06am |
NNE | 13 12:18am |
7 12:18am |
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
| Date/Time CST |
Temp °C |
App Temp °C |
Dew Point °C |
Rel Hum % |
Delta-T °C |
Wind | Press MSL hPa |
Rain since 9am mm |
Low Temp °C time |
High Temp °C time |
Highest Wind Gust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dir | Spd km/h |
Gust km/h |
Spd kts |
Gust kts |
Dir | km/h time |
kts time |
|||||||||||
| Ernabella/Pukatja | 04/06:40am | 22.6 | 17.9 | 3.2 | 28 | 9.6 | WSW | 17 | 17 | 9 | 9 | 1010.3 | 0.4 | 21.6 07:10am |
23.1 06:23am |
SSE | 46 01:18am |
25 01:18am |
Weather station information
- * Giles observations are collected in the South Australia time zone, which includes daylight saving in the summer period. Therefore, Rain since 9am, Low Tmp and High Tmp values are in South Australia local time.
Data quality
These observations have been taken from the Bureau of Meteorology's real-time system. Most are generated automatically, with only limited quality checks performed. It is possible for incorrect values to appear. Further information can be found at About Latest Weather Observations. Please check the disclaimer before using these data.