South Australia in October 2022: very wet with cool days, warm nights in the south-east.

Rainfall in October ranged from above average to highest on record (since 1900) across most of South Australia and overall it was the state's third-wettest October on record. Daytime temperatures for October were below to very much below average across large areas of South Australia, while night-time temperatures were very much above average in the south-east districts.

Third-wettest October on record

  • Rainfall in October ranged from above average to highest on record (since 1900) across most of South Australia.
  • There were large areas in the state's east that had their wettest October on record, including much of the Murraylands, Riverland, Mid North, and Flinders districts, and parts of the North East Pastoral district. Parts of those same areas had more than 100 mm of rain for the month.
  • It was South Australia's third-wettest October on record (since 1900) and the wettest since 1975.
  • Most of the Pastoral districts and some agricultural areas recorded at least double their October monthly average rainfall (based on the 1961–1990 average).
  • Areas of outback South Australia around Roxby Downs recorded more than 8 times their October monthly average rainfall.
  • On the 17th and 18th, thunderstorms in the north-west of South Australia produced gusty winds followed by widespread areas of rain, with scattered thunderstorms observed through northern parts of South Australia, including 52.0 mm recorded at Tarcoola (Commonwealth Hill).
  • On the 24th, storms caused flash flooding, road closures and warnings of rising rivers across South Australia, including reports of a tornado near Hamley Bridge.
  • On the 30th, wind gusts in excess of 100 km/h were recorded at multiple sites as a low pressure system and cold front crossed the state: Oodnadatta Airport recorded a maximum wind gust of 139 km/h during the afternoon, the site's highest wind gust on record in October; North Shields (Port Lincoln AWS) recorded a maximum wind gust of 100 km/h during the afternoon, the site's highest wind gust since December 2019 and highest in October since 2013.
  • Numerous sites, some with more than 100 years of observations, had their highest October daily rainfall.
  • Many sites had their highest total October rainfall on record or their highest total October rainfall for at least 20 years.
  • South Australian rainfall for the southern growing season (April to October) was 22% above average and the highest since 2016.
  • January to October rainfall was 34% above average for South Australia as a whole, with very much above average year-to-date rainfall across most of the eastern half of the state, apart from a drier than average area in the Lower South East.

Coolest October days since 2010

  • Daytime temperatures for October were below to very much below average across large areas of South Australia.
  • South Australia as a whole had its lowest mean maximum temperature (coolest days) in October since 2010.
  • On the 12th and 13th, Tarcoola Aero and Marree Aero had their coldest October day on record respectively.
  • Some sites had their lowest October mean daily maximum temperature on record or their lowest October mean daily maximum temperature for at least 20 years.
  • Night-time temperatures were very much above average in the south-east districts, and warmer than average across most of the state away from the Northwest Pastoral district.
  • Several sites in southern South Australia had their highest October mean daily minimum temperature on record.
  • South Australia had its lowest mean maximum temperature for the southern growing season (April to October) since 2010.
  • South Australia had its lowest mean maximum temperature for the January to October period since 2010, with year-to-date mean temperatures close to the 1961–1990 average across most of the state.

Further information

Media
(03) 9669 4057

Extremes in October 2022
Hottest day 37.9 °C at Oodnadatta Airport on the 30th
Warmest days on average 29.3 °C at Moomba Airport
Coolest days on average 15.0 °C at Mount Lofty
Coldest day 8.5 °C at Mount Lofty on the 31st
Coldest night 0.3 °C at Keith (Munkora) on the 9th
Coolest nights on average 8.2 °C at Mount Lofty
Warmest nights on average 16.2 °C at Moomba Airport
Warmest night 23.4 °C at Moomba Airport on the 4th
Warmest on average overall 22.7 °C at Moomba Airport
Coolest on average overall 11.6 °C at Mount Lofty
Wettest overall 182.4 mm at Lyrup
Wettest day 95.6 mm at Renmark Aero on the 24th
Strongest wind gust 139 km/h at Oodnadatta Airport on the 30th

Maps
ObservedAnomalyDecile rank
Total
rainfall
Map of Rainfall totals Map of Percentage of normal rainfall Map of Rainfall deciles
Mean
daily
maximum
temperatures
Map of Mean maximum temperature Map of Anomaly in mean maximum temperature Map of Decile rank of mean maximum temperature
Mean
daily
minimum
temperatures
Map of Mean minimum temperature Map of Anomaly in mean minimum temperature Map of Decile rank of mean minimum temperature

Click on a map to show it full size in a pop-up window


Record highest October daily rainfall
New record
(mm)
Old
record
Years of
record
Truro 45.0 on the 23rd 42.8 on the 31st in 1997 139
Boolcoomatta 57.0 on the 14th 53.3 on the 22nd in 1938 135
Koonamore 59.8 on the 24th 43.2 on the 25th in 1913 131
Robertstown 60.0 on the 23rd 52.8 on the 22nd in 1916 120
Bower 75.3 on the 23rd 58.8 on the 22nd in 1995 118
Lyrup 95.0 on the 24th 52.3 on the 12th in 1903 118
Marree (Farina) 45.2 on the 19th 38.8 on the 3rd in 1993 118
Marree (Witchelina Station) 72.0 on the 19th 69.3 on the 20th in 1924 109
Lake Everard 52.0 on the 19th 38.8 on the 13th in 1976 85
Tarcoola (Commonwealth Hill) 52.0 on the 18th 46.8 on the 8th in 1992 79
Woomera Aerodrome 74.4 on the 19th 36.1 on the 8th in 1949 72
Tarcoola (Mobella) 55.6 on the 19th 35.4 on the 11th in 2017 64
Berri 62.0 on the 24th 42.0 on the 6th in 1980 62
Beltana Roadhouse 57.2 on the 19th 33.8 on the 3rd in 1993 37
Leigh Creek Airport 59.4 on the 19th 33.6 on the 1st in 2004 37
Coober Pedy Airport 35.4 on the 30th 22.2 on the 18th in 2005 29
Renmark Aero 95.6 on the 24th 57.0 on the 22nd in 1995 28
Tarcoola Aero 42.8 on the 18th 22.4 on the 5th in 2020 26
Marree (Callanna) 47.2 on the 19th 29.0 on the 19th in 2005 25
Marree Aero 57.8 on the 19th 39.0 on the 19th in 2005 25
Barossa Valley (Duckponds Creek) 37.0 on the 23rd 26.4 on the 9th in 2005 22
Sevenhill 41.4 on the 23rd 27.8 on the 16th in 2010 22
Shea-Oak Log (Greenock Creek) 31.8 on the 23rd 24.2 on the 9th in 2005 21
Rhynie 43.2 on the 23rd 28.8 on the 31st in 2010 20



Record highest October total rainfall
New record
(mm)
Old
record
Years of
record
Average for
October
Brinkworth (Bungaree) 153.2 146.2 in 1975 163 51.4
Hawker (Holowiliena) 109.4 104.3 in 1976 153 22.5
Blinman 129.6 94.6 in 1975 149 24.1
Riverton 130.0 124.6 in 1980 146 47.6
Marree (Farina) 97.8 84.1 in 1904 143 13.4
Balaklava 109.8 97.0 in 1975 142 34.4
Eudunda 121.1 114.4 in 1892 142 39.9
Koolunga 130.7 116.8 in 1976 139 36.0
Sedan (Sandleton) 132.8 108.2 in 1892 136 25.9
Koonamore 171.6 108.4 in 1975 134 20.5
Australia Plains 126.4 114.0 in 1892 129 28.8
Lyrup 182.4 115.6 in 1973 124 25.9
Bower 176.3 107.7 in 1973 119 25.8
Marree (Witchelina Station) 131.9 101.8 in 1924 119 13.1
Robertstown 110.8 100.6 in 1975 119 32.6
Yunta (Panaramitee) 124.0 89.0 in 1976 116 22.8
Karoonda 93.6 86.0 in 1980 109 31.9
Paruna 154.4 121.6 in 1975 103 29.2
Alawoona 139.2 124.9 in 1973 102 29.3
Tarcoola (Mulgathing) 89.0 85.2 in 1974 89 18.4
Woomera Aerodrome 137.2 82.4 in 1974 74 16.9
Hilltown 150.0 138.0 in 1975 68 42.6
Manoora (Cooinda) 133.2 111.5 in 1973 66 41.9
Tarcoola (Mobella) 158.8 77.8 in 1974 65 17.2
Stockport (Clifton) 122.2 117.3 in 1980 64 42.0
Berri 151.2 122.3 in 1973 61 27.4
Andamooka 143.3 87.6 in 1975 58 19.6
Sturt Vale 111.1 91.6 in 2007 55 24.8
Lowaldie 103.8 88.6 in 1980 54 30.6
Parachilna (Motpena) 105.4 72.0 in 1992 54 21.4
Mintaro (Martindale) 145.6 108.6 in 2000 40 48.0
Loxton Research Centre 142.0 71.6 in 2005 39 26.9
Beltana Roadhouse 123.8 75.6 in 2010 37 20.4
Leigh Creek Airport 124.6 60.2 in 2010 37 19.0
Strathearn 73.2 66.6 in 1993 34 18.6
Morgan (Brenda Park Station) 133.0 125.8 in 1995 31 27.5
Clare High School 149.6 117.0 in 2000 29 47.3
Coober Pedy Airport 80.2 45.8 in 2010 29 13.6
Nangwarry Forestry SA Depot 147.0 121.4 in 2005 29 53.7
Renmark Aero 171.2 91.4 in 1995 28 28.8
Tarcoola Aero 97.8 44.9 in 2000 26 19.2
Marree (Callanna) 106.0 48.9 in 2001 25 13.5
Marree Aero 98.6 44.6 in 2001 25 12.7
Roxby Downs (Olympic Dam Aerodrome) 133.8 42.2 in 2004 25 16.6
Yunta Airstrip 131.0 61.6 in 1999 25 24.0
Gluepot Reserve (Gluepot) 102.0 64.2 in 1999 24 25.1
Minburra 112.6 75.6 in 2020 24 24.6
Port Augusta Aero 72.6 68.8 in 2010 22 19.3
Furner (Woomera Homestead) 101.0 98.4 in 2001 21 46.3
Rhynie 109.2 79.6 in 2005 20 30.8

Highest October total rainfall for at least 20 years
Observed
(mm)
Most recent
higher
Average for
October
Truro 123.4 133.1 in 1892 44.2
Farrell Flat 150.6 188.6 in 1894 43.8
Manoora 143.4 145.0 in 1894* 45.6
Yacka 113.6 120.3 in 1949 36.3
Blanchetown Lock 1 122.2 125.8 in 1973 30.8
Elliston 70.4 96.9 in 1974 30.2
Tarcoola (Commonwealth Hill) 111.9 114.6 in 1974 18.0
Lucindale (Greenvale) 84.6 109.0 in 1975 40.3
Murray Bridge 92.5 103.2 in 1975 33.3
Pinnaroo 113.2 150.0 in 1975 32.9
Auburn 119.1 148.6 in 1975* 52.8
Blinman (Moolooloo) 96.0 106.2 in 1975* 26.4
Crystal Brook 99.4 104.1 in 1976* 38.5
Gulnare 125.0 129.5 in 1976* 43.4
Manna Hill 82.0 83.6 in 1976* 21.6
Keyneton 111.3 123.4 in 1975* 44.5
Cooke Plains 90.5 92.0 in 1980 35.2
Lake Everard 93.4 101.4 in 1974* 21.8
Tailem Bend 87.9 103.8 in 1980 35.7
Brinkworth 109.0 119.8 in 1974* 36.5
Huddleston (Willow Ponds) 98.9 99.8 in 1980* 41.5
Purnong (Claypans) 85.0 90.8 in 1980* 29.5
Palmer 82.0 97.6 in 1980* 36.7
Peake 99.6 110.9 in 1980* 36.6
Mintaro 132.2 137.0 in 1975* 54.9
Booborowie 107.7 117.4 in 1992 43.1
Hawker 105.9 109.6 in 1992 24.8
Hallett (Old Canowie) 108.4 110.2 in 1992* 47.0
Wirrabara Forest 105.7 139.0 in 1992* 61.6
Yudnapinna 71.2 85.6 in 1992* 19.0
Maralinga 68.1 78.1 in 1992* 17.9
Wellington (Brinkley South) 70.4 93.6 in 1997* 33.6

* note: there are gaps in the historical record at this site, so it is possible a higher value has gone unreported




Record lowest October daily maximum temperature
New record
(°C)
Old
record
Years of
record
Average for
October
Tarcoola Aero 13.1 on the 12th 14.0 on the 18th in 1997 26 28.6
Marree Aero 15.7 on the 13th 16.6 on the 6th in 2020 25 30.2



Record lowest October mean daily maximum temperature
New record
(°C)
Old
record
Years of
record
Average for
October
Hawker 20.6 20.8 in 1976 49 25.9
Yunta Airstrip 21.2 = 21.2 in 2001 24 25.3

Lowest October mean daily maximum temperature for at least 20 years
Observed
(°C)
Most recent
lower
Average for
October
Yongala 19.0 17.6 in 2001 22.0



Record highest October mean daily minimum temperature
New record
(°C)
Old
record
Years of
record
Average for
October
Mount Gambier Aero 9.0 8.9 in 1975 80 7.2
Loxton Research Centre 11.1 10.8 in 2015 38 8.5
Coonawarra 9.3 9.2 in 2015 37 7.3
Kingscote Aero 9.5 8.8 in 2020 28 7.2
Naracoorte Aerodrome 9.4 8.8 in 2017 24 6.9
Padthaway South 9.1 9.0 in 2017 22 7.7
Victor Harbor (Encounter Bay) 10.2 = 10.2 in 2015 21 8.9



Summary statistics for October 2022
Maximum temperatures
(°C)
Minimum temperatures
(°C)
Rainfall
(millimetres)
Mean for
October
2022
Diff
from
average
Highest for
October
2022
Mean for
October
2022
Diff
from
average
Lowest for
October
2022
Total for
October
2022
Average
for
October
Rank of
October
2022
Fraction of
October
average
Northwest (district 16)
Andamooka 25.5 -2.9 32.9 22nd 13.8 +0.1 9.0 13th 143.3 19.6 highest 731%
Coober Pedy Airport 25.7 -3.3 33.9 22nd 13.4 -0.8 7.1 14th 80.2 13.6 highest 590%
Ernabella (Pukatja) 26.1 -3.2 33.1 21st 12.8 -1.5 6.1 14th 46.8 22.8 high 205%
Mount Ive 23.1   32.0 30th     3.0 9th 37.9 23.0 high 165%
Roxby Downs (Olympic Dam Aerodrome) 25.2 -3.4 32.5 22nd 13.0 +0.2 6.5 9th 133.8 16.6 highest 806%
Tarcoola Aero 24.9 -3.7 33.0 30th 12.2 0.0 4.6 8th 97.8 19.2 highest 509%
Woomera Aerodrome 24.0 -2.5 31.3 22nd 12.7 +0.2 8.2 8th 137.2 16.9 highest 812%
Far North (district 17)
Arkaroola 24.2 -2.8 30.4 6th 10.9 -0.8 4.5 10th 56.5 19.0 v high 297%
Leigh Creek Airport 24.3 -2.9 31.7 6th 12.9 +0.2 6.4 9th 124.6 19.0 highest 656%
Marree Aero 27.2 -3.0 34.2 6th 14.3 +0.2 7.1 9th 98.6 12.7 highest 776%
Moomba Airport 29.3 -1.6 36.7 12th 16.2 +0.4 9.0 9th 32.8 10.2 high 322%
Oodnadatta Airport 28.4 -2.1 37.9 30th 15.9 +0.6 7.8 14th 32.4 13.5 high 240%
Western Agricultural (district 18)
Ceduna AMO 22.1 -2.0 32.8 30th 10.9 +0.9 2.1 9th 56.8 25.3 v high 225%
Cleve 21.1 -1.3 29.0 30th 10.6 +0.3 5.5 9th 60.2 36.3 high 166%
Cleve Aerodrome 21.1 -2.1 29.8 30th 9.5 -0.5 3.5 9th 52.2 29.2 high 179%
Coffin Bay (Point Avoid) 19.3   24.9 30th 11.5   6.3 9th 42.8
Cultana (Defence) 23.3   29.5 30th 11.5   6.7 9th 56.4
Cummins Aero 20.7 -2.7 29.6 30th 9.2 +1.2 1.4 9th 66.6 27.5 high 242%
Elliston 21.1 -0.7 28.8 30th 11.7 +0.5 5.4 9th 70.4 30.2 v high 233%
Kimba 22.0 -2.1 30.4 30th 9.6 +0.4 4.2 9th 60.8 30.4 high 200%
Kyancutta 24.6 -0.8 31.2 30th 9.4 +1.0 1.2 9th 38.5 25.7 high 150%
Minnipa PIRSA 22.7 -2.7 31.6 30th 10.1 -0.2 3.6 8th 57.6 23.2 high 248%
Neptune Island 17.6 +0.1 21.3 30th 13.1 +0.7 10.0 8th 34.4 26.4 high 130%
North Shields (Port Lincoln AWS) 19.8 -1.2 30.0 30th 10.1 +0.5 4.2 9th 83.8 29.9 v high 280%
Nullarbor 22.4 -2.4 35.3 21st 10.4 0.0 3.7 9th 31.4 18.0 high 174%
Port Augusta Aero 23.8 -3.4 31.3 6th 12.7 +0.9 4.7 9th 72.6 19.3 highest 376%
Streaky Bay 21.7 -1.4 30.4 30th 11.6 +0.1 5.8 9th 50.6 25.9 high 195%
Whyalla Aero 22.2 -2.0 31.2 30th 11.6 +0.8 4.7 9th 44.8 23.2 high 193%
Wudinna Aero 23.7 -2.4 30.9 30th 9.7 +0.8 3.0 9th 50.0 21.5 high 233%
Upper North (district 19)
Hawker 20.6 -5.3 27.0 22nd 10.9 +0.9 4.5 9th 105.9 24.8 v high 427%
Yongala 19.0 -3.0 23.7 30th 8.9 +2.7 3.1 10th 75.1 33.0 v high 228%
Northeast (district 20)
Gluepot Reserve (Gluepot) 22.9 -3.0 28.0 30th 11.0 +2.3 1.5 9th 102.0 25.1 highest 406%
Yunta Airstrip 21.2 -4.1 26.9 6th 10.6 +1.2 2.0 9th 131.0 24.0 highest 546%
Lower North (district 21)
Clare High School 18.6 -2.6 24.6 30th 9.3 +1.4 0.5 9th 149.6 47.3 highest 316%
Port Pirie Aerodrome AWS 22.8   29.0 11th 11.6   2.7 9th 77.0
Snowtown (Rayville Park) 21.7 -2.9 28.2 30th 9.2 +2.1 1.0 9th 41.2 26.6 high 155%
Yorke Peninsula (district 22A)
Edithburgh 19.2 -1.3 28.3 30th 10.9 +0.1 4.6 9th 50.0 29.5 high 169%
Kadina AWS 21.6 -2.6 27.3 30th 10.0 +1.6 2.3 9th 43.2 23.5 high 184%
Minlaton Aero 20.9 -1.7 28.9 30th 10.2 +0.8 3.8 9th 50.8 26.8 high 190%
Stenhouse Bay 19.0 -1.1 26.8 30th 12.1 +0.4 8.9 16th 53.8 30.4 high 177%
Warooka 20.0 -0.8 24.6 22nd 10.9 +0.7 6.5 8th 69.3 35.2 v high 197%
Kangaroo Island (district 22B)
Cape Borda 17.6 -0.5 23.4 19th 11.0 +0.9 6.8 30th 32.2 29.7 average 108%
Cape Willoughby 17.1 -0.6 22.2 30th 12.2 +0.7 9.2 8th 45.6 41.1 average 111%
Kingscote Aero 19.1 -1.1 24.6 30th 9.5 +2.3 2.5 9th 68.8 31.3 high 220%
Parndana CFS AWS 17.7 -1.1 22.6 30th 9.3 +0.9 3.1 8th 58.4 35.8 high 163%
Adelaide Plains (district 23A)
Adelaide (West Terrace / ngayirdapira) 20.7 -0.7 27.8 30th 12.3 +1.1 5.4 9th 58.0 44.3 high 131%
Adelaide Airport 20.2 -1.0 26.9 30th 12.4 +1.6 6.0 9th 45.4 36.0 average 126%
Edinburgh RAAF 20.8 -1.6 29.1 30th 11.3 +1.2 3.9 9th 56.4 37.5 high 150%
Parafield Airport 21.5 -0.6 28.8 30th 11.4 +1.2 3.4 9th 54.2 40.2 high 135%
Roseworthy AWS 21.4 -2.4 28.6 30th 9.6 +1.9 2.4 9th 99.8 34.7 v high 288%
County Light (district 23B)
Nuriootpa PIRSA 18.9 -2.6 26.4 30th 9.7 +1.5 1.4 9th 103.0 38.3 v high 269%
Mount Lofty Ranges (district 23C)
Hindmarsh Island AWS 19.5 -1.6 28.0 30th 11.7 +0.8 7.3 9th 58.8 29.2 high 201%
Kuitpo Forest Reserve 17.3 -1.5 24.2 30th 9.8 +0.6 5.2 9th 81.8 53.4 high 153%
Mount Barker 19.1 -0.5 25.4 21st 9.4 +2.1 4.2 17th 90.0 65.8 high 137%
Mount Crawford AWS 16.7 -1.6 23.3 30th 9.1 +0.6 5.1 8th 94.2 48.7 high 193%
Mount Lofty 15.0 -0.3 21.6 30th 8.2 +0.7 3.7 9th 64.8
Noarlunga 20.2 -1.3 26.9 30th 12.3 +0.7 5.9 9th 42.8 33.0 average 130%
Parawa (Second Valley Forest AWS) 16.3 -0.6 22.4 30th 9.9 +0.9 6.1 8th 94.8 62.3 high 152%
Victor Harbor (Encounter Bay) 19.2 -1.4 26.9 30th 10.2 +1.3 3.7 10th 61.2 39.9 high 153%
Upper Murray Valley (district 24A)
Loxton Research Centre 22.2 -2.3 28.1 30th 11.1 +2.6 3.2 9th 142.0 26.9 highest 528%
Renmark Aero 22.2 -3.3 27.6 30th 10.9 +1.8 1.7 9th 171.2 28.8 highest 594%
Lower Murray Valley (district 24B)
Eudunda 18.8 -2.2 26.2 30th 9.8 +1.7 4.8 9th 121.1 39.9 highest 304%
Murray Bridge 22.4 -0.7 28.8 21st 10.4 +1.3 3.7 9th 92.5 33.3 v high 278%
Murray Bridge (Pallamana Aerodrome) 21.5 -2.5 28.7 30th 9.4 +1.9 2.1 9th 82.4 22.5 v high 366%
Strathalbyn Racecourse 20.0 -1.6 27.8 30th 10.0 +1.1 4.6 10th 65.4 35.3 high 185%
Murray Mallee (district 25A)
Karoonda 21.8 -2.2 28.5 21st 9.6 +1.3 3.4 10th 93.6 31.9 highest 293%
Upper Southeast (district 25B)
Keith 20.7 -1.1 27.5 21st 9.5 +1.3 2.2 9th 74.3 41.4 high 179%
Keith (Munkora) 20.0 -2.6 27.7 21st 8.4 +2.4 0.3 9th 77.4 28.9 v high 268%
Lameroo (Austin Plains) 20.6 -3.5 26.7 20th 9.8 +2.4 3.2 9th 108.2 23.9 v high 453%
Lower Southeast (district 26)
Cape Jaffa (The Limestone) 18.2 -0.5 22.6 18th 10.2 +1.0 4.2 30th 52.2 32.9 high 159%
Coonawarra 19.0 -0.6 27.0 21st 9.3 +2.0 1.8 9th 83.8 46.1 v high 182%
Mount Gambier Aero 18.0 -0.1 25.8 21st 9.0 +1.8 2.6 17th 94.8 60.8 high 156%
Naracoorte Aerodrome 19.2 -1.4 26.7 20th 9.4 +2.5 2.0 9th 88.0 41.0 high 215%
Padthaway South 19.5 -1.3 27.2 21st 9.1 +1.4 0.7 9th 85.8 40.5 v high 212%
Robe 18.2 +0.5 21.9 18th 11.1 +0.8 6.2 10th 58.9 44.0 high 134%
Robe Airfield 18.3 -0.6 22.7 18th 9.8 +1.2 2.7 10th 58.8 35.4 high 166%

Notes

The Monthly climate summary, usually published in the first week of the following month, lists the main features of the weather in South Australia using the most timely and accurate information available on the date of publication; it will generally not be updated. More extensive discussion of significant weather events, along with later information and data that has had greater opportunity for quality control, will be presented in the Monthly Weather Review.

This statement has been prepared based on information available at 8 am on Wednesday 2 November 2022. Some checks have been made on the data, but it is possible that results will change as new information becomes available.

In some situations, some or all of the rainfall is in the form of hail or snow. In these cases the totals given are for the water equivalent: the depth of liquid water that results from melting any frozen precipitation. There can be significant 'undercatch' of snow in strong winds, meaning the true precipitation can be higher than that reported.

Averages for individual sites are long-term means based on observations from all available years of record, which vary widely from site to site. They are not shown for sites with less than 10 years of record, as they cannot then be calculated reliably.
The median is sometimes more representative than the mean of long-term average rain.

The Rank indicates how rainfall this time compares with the climate record for the site, based on the decile ranking (very low rainfall is in decile 1, low in decile 2 or 3, average in decile 4 to 7, high in decile 8 or 9 and very high is in decile 10).
The Fraction of average shows how much rain has fallen this time as a percentage of the long-term mean.

Where temperature area averages are mentioned, they are derived from the ACORN-SAT dataset.

Information about Australian Indigenous seasonal calendars is available at the Indigenous Weather Knowledge website.

Further information

Media
(03) 9669 4057

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