Wednesday, 1 August 2018 - Monthly Climate Summary for Victoria - Product code IDCKGC16R0
Victoria in July 2018: mild days, below average rainfall
July rainfall was lower than average across most of the northern and eastern Victoria. Daytime temperatures were warmer than average, while night time temperatures were mostly close to average.
A dry July across much of the State
- Statewide rainfall was 33% below the long-term July mean of 70 mm, the driest July since 2002
- Large areas in the north and east of Victoria, and to the north of Melbourne had rainfall totals in the driest 10 per cent on record for July
- Several areas in Victoria's southwest had above average July rainfall
- The highest daily total in the State, 48.2 mm, was recorded at Wilsons Promontory on the 26th; this was also the wettest place during the month, recording 199.2 mm
- Some sites had their lowest total July rainfall for at least 20 years
A mild month
- Days were warmer than average across the State, except in the far-southwest where daytime temperatures were close to average
- Victoria's mean daytime temperature was 1.18 °C above the long-term July average, sixth-warmest on record
- It was particularly warm across the State on the 4th and 5th, and many sites had their early season daytime temperature records
- The highest daytime temperature in Victoria during July, 24.2 degC, was recorded at Mildura on the 5th
- The 27th and 28th saw again warm daytime temperatures, and Portland and Warrnambool Airport had their record highest July temperature on these days
- Although daytime temperatures were generally mild, there were some cold days in July, for example between the 10th and 12th, and the 19th and 21st; the lowest daytime temperature in Victoria during month, -4.1 °C, was recorded at Mt Hotham on the 20th, while Ballarat Aerodrome had its record lowest July maximum temperature on the 11th
- Night time temperatures were generally close to average across the State, except in parts of the south where night time temperatures were warmer than average
- Victoria's mean night time temperature was 0.23 °C above the long-term average
- Bundoora and Combienbar had their record highest daily minimum temperature on the 5th
Strong winds
- A succession of frontal systems moving across Victoria brought strong winds on a number of days in July
- The strongest wind gusts for the month were recorded on the 8th and 20th, with gusts of 146 km/h reported at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse on both days
- Strong winds were recorded across Victoria on the 17th, when a fast moving cold front accompanied with thunderstorms swept across the State, downing trees, damaging properties, and causing power outages. The strongest wind gust recorded during this event was 141 km/h, at Wilsons Promontory lighthouse
Further information
- Media
- media@bom.gov.au (03) 9669 4057
- Enquiries
- helpdesk.climate@bom.gov.au
Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Extremes in July 2018 | |
---|---|
Hottest day |
24.2 °C at Mildura Airport on the 5th |
Warmest days on average |
17.5 °C at Mildura Airport |
Coolest days on average |
-0.1 °C at Mount Hotham |
Coldest day |
-4.1 °C at Mount Hotham on the 20th |
Coldest night |
-7.6 °C at Falls Creek on the 21st |
Coolest nights on average |
-4.3 °C at Mount Hotham |
Warmest nights on average |
9.3 °C at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse |
Warmest night |
13.3 °C at Bundoora (Latrobe University) on the 5th |
Warmest on average overall |
11.5 °C at Lakes Entrance (Eastern Beach Road) |
Coolest on average overall |
-2.2 °C at Mount Hotham |
Wettest overall |
199.2 mm at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse |
Wettest day | 48.2 mm at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse on the 26th |
Strongest wind gust |
146 km/h at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse on the 8th 146 km/h at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse on the 20th |
Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Maps | |||
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Observed | Anomaly | Decile rank | |
Total rainfall |
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Mean daily maximum temperatures |
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Mean daily minimum temperatures |
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Lowest July total rainfall for at least 20 years | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed (mm) |
Most recent lower |
Average for July |
|||
Eltham | 20.4 | 18.8 | in 1943* | 57.0 | |
Milawa Brown Bros | 27.4 | 10.4 | in 1982* | 71.4 | |
Mooroopna | 13.6 | 9.0 | in 1982* | 49.4 | |
Mildura Airport | 3.4 | 2.8 | in 1992 | 24.9 | |
Annuello | 6.8 | 5.4 | in 1997 | 28.1 | |
Barnawartha | 18.0 | 17.0 | in 1997 | 58.6 | |
Mangalore Airport | 16.8 | 12.8 | in 1997 | 57.2 | |
Shepparton Airport | 12.0 | 8.0 | in 1997 | 41.5 | |
Essendon Airport | 14.6 | 14.2 | in 1982* | 43.2 | |
Wangaratta Aero | 23.6 | 12.4 | in 1997* | 64.7 |
* note: there are gaps in the historical record at this site, so it is possible a lower value has gone unreported
Record highest July temperature | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New record (°C) |
Old record |
Years of record |
Average for July |
|||
Portland (Cashmore Airport) | 18.7 | on the 27th | = 18.7 | on the 8th in 1994 | 37 | 13.1 |
Warrnambool Airport NDB | 18.5 | on the 28th | 18.0 | on the 5th in 2003 | 20 | 13.5 |
Record lowest July daily maximum temperature | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New record (°C) |
Old record |
Years of record |
Average for July |
|||
Ballarat Aerodrome | 4.2 | on the 11th | 4.4 | on the 30th in 1994 | 60 | 10.1 |
Highest July mean daily maximum temperature for at least 20 years | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed (°C) |
Most recent higher |
Average for July |
|||
East Sale | 15.3 | 15.6 | in 1975 | 13.8 |
Record highest July daily minimum temperature | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New record (°C) |
Old record |
Years of record |
Average for July |
|||
Bundoora (Latrobe University) | 13.3 | on the 5th | 12.9 | on the 19th in 2013 | 36 | 5.6 |
Combienbar AWS | 12.5 | on the 5th | 11.9 | on the 18th in 2016 | 25 | 4.9 |
Record highest July mean temperature | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
New record (°C) |
Old record |
Years of record |
Average for July |
||
Bairnsdale Airport | 10.4 | = 10.4 | in 2005 | 37 | 9.3 |
Highest July mean temperature for at least 20 years | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed (°C) |
Most recent higher |
Average for July |
|||
Mildura Airport | 11.1 | 12.3 | in 1975 | 9.9 |
Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Summary statistics for July 2018 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum temperatures (°C) |
Minimum temperatures (°C) |
Rainfall (millimetres) |
||||||||||
Mean for July 2018 |
Diff from average |
Highest for July 2018 |
Mean for July 2018 |
Diff from average |
Lowest for July 2018 |
Total for July 2018 |
Average for July |
Rank of July 2018 |
Fraction of July average |
|||
North Mallee (district 76) | ||||||||||||
Mildura Airport | 17.5 | +2.1 | 24.2 | 5th | 4.7 | +0.4 | -1.8 | 13th | 3.4 | 24.9 | v low | 14% |
Ouyen (Post Office) | 16.9 | +1.7 | 23.3 | 5th | 4.8 | +0.5 | -0.5 | 14th | 11.7 | 30.2 | low | 39% |
Walpeup Research | 16.4 | +1.7 | 22.9 | 5th | 5.3 | +0.5 | -0.4 | 13th | ||||
South Mallee (district 77) | ||||||||||||
Hopetoun Airport | 16.3 | +1.5 | 22.6 | 5th | 3.2 | 0.0 | -3.1 | 2nd | 18.2 | 26.4 | low | 69% |
Swan Hill Aerodrome | 16.3 | +1.6 | 22.3 | 5th | 3.5 | -0.1 | -2.6 | 14th | ||||
North Wimmera (district 78) | ||||||||||||
Kellalac (Warracknabeal Airport) | 14.8 | 20.2 | 5th | 3.7 | -2.1 | 14th | 25.2 | |||||
Nhill Aerodrome | 14.5 | +0.6 | 20.3 | 27th | 4.8 | +0.3 | -1.1 | 13th | 43.0 | 36.8 | average | 117% |
Warracknabeal Museum | 15.0 | +1.0 | 20.2 | 27th | 2.9 | -0.9 | -2.8 | 14th | 31.0 | 40.1 | average | 77% |
South Wimmera (district 79) | ||||||||||||
Edenhope Airport | 13.6 | +0.3 | 19.7 | 27th | 5.0 | +0.2 | -2.1 | 13th | 88.2 | 67.3 | high | 131% |
Grampians (Mount William) | 5.1 | +0.3 | 11.7 | 28th | 0.7 | -0.2 | -1.4 | 12th | 146.6 | 179.1 | low | 82% |
Horsham Aerodrome | 14.3 | +0.7 | 18.9 | 27th | 2.8 | -0.4 | -2.9 | 2nd | 28.0 | 41.2 | v low | 68% |
Kanagulk | 13.3 | +0.5 | 17.9 | 27th | 3.8 | -0.5 | -3.5 | 14th | 79.8 | 65.2 | high | 122% |
Longerenong | 14.6 | +1.4 | 19.4 | 27th | 2.8 | -0.6 | -3.3 | 1st | 29.8 | 42.9 | low | 69% |
Pyrenees (Ben Nevis) | 7.7 | +0.6 | 13.7 | 28th | 2.2 | -0.4 | -0.4 | 12th | 28.0 | 84.1 | v low | 33% |
Stawell Aerodrome | 12.6 | +0.2 | 16.9 | 28th | 3.8 | -0.3 | -0.9 | 13th | 45.8 | 55.9 | average | 82% |
Lower North (district 80) | ||||||||||||
Charlton | 14.6 | +0.8 | 20.6 | 5th | 3.2 | -0.5 | -2.8 | 2nd | 34.6 | 34.9 | average | 99% |
Echuca Aerodrome | 15.1 | +1.6 | 21.2 | 5th | 3.3 | -0.5 | -2.8 | 2nd | 20.8 | 40.9 | low | 51% |
Kerang | 15.6 | +1.5 | 21.3 | 5th | 3.7 | -0.2 | -1.8 | 14th | 14.0 | 34.9 | low | 40% |
Kyabram | 14.6 | +1.5 | 19.9 | 5th | 3.2 | +0.1 | -2.8 | 14th | 15.8 | 42.8 | low | 37% |
Upper North (district 81) | ||||||||||||
Bendigo Airport | 13.5 | +0.9 | 18.6 | 5th | 2.0 | -0.7 | -3.1 | 2nd | 35.0 | 55.1 | low | 64% |
Shepparton Airport | 14.3 | +1.0 | 19.5 | 5th | 3.1 | -0.2 | -3.0 | 14th | 12.0 | 41.5 | v low | 29% |
Tatura Inst Sustainable Ag | 14.1 | +1.1 | 19.3 | 5th | 3.2 | +0.2 | -2.4 | 2nd | 15.2 | 47.5 | v low | 32% |
Yarrawonga | 14.3 | +0.8 | 20.1 | 5th | 2.7 | -0.8 | -2.9 | 14th | 23.4 | 46.4 | low | 50% |
Lower Northeast (district 82) | ||||||||||||
Benalla Airport | 13.6 | +0.5 | 19.1 | 5th | 2.5 | -0.6 | -4.0 | 14th | 30.9 | 68.5 | v low | 45% |
Corryong Airport | 11.3 | -0.3 | 17.2 | 5th | 0.3 | -0.9 | -4.5 | 23rd | 39.0 | 86.8 | v low | 45% |
Dartmouth Reservoir | 11.8 | +0.1 | 17.8 | 5th | 1.5 | -0.8 | -3.4 | 23rd | 59.2 | 112.8 | low | 52% |
Hunters Hill | 7.1 | -0.2 | 13.3 | 5th | 1.2 | -0.8 | -1.7 | 16th | 78.2 | 154.0 | low | 51% |
Rutherglen Research | 13.4 | +1.0 | 18.9 | 5th | 1.6 | -0.5 | -3.4 | 13th | 22.8 | 61.3 | low | 37% |
Strathbogie | 10.6 | +0.5 | 15.5 | 5th | 1.7 | 0.0 | -4.6 | 14th | 56.4 | 122.3 | low | 46% |
Wangaratta Aero | 13.5 | +0.6 | 18.6 | 5th | 1.6 | -1.0 | -4.6 | 14th | 23.6 | 64.7 | v low | 36% |
Upper Northeast (district 83) | ||||||||||||
Falls Creek | 0.6 | -0.5 | 5.2 | 5th | -3.6 | -0.7 | -7.6 | 21st | 78.0 | 90.7 | average | 86% |
Mount Buller | 0.8 | -0.6 | 5.1 | 5th | -3.2 | -0.6 | -5.7 | 13th | 133.8 | 169.5 | low | 79% |
Mount Hotham | -0.1 | +0.1 | 6.2 | 14th | -4.3 | -0.6 | -7.5 | 15th | 73.2 | 133.5 | low | 55% |
Omeo | 10.8 | +0.2 | 15.5 | 5th | 0.7 | -0.2 | -4.0 | 2nd | 28.6 | 54.6 | low | 52% |
East Gippsland (district 84) | ||||||||||||
Combienbar AWS | 12.7 | +1.4 | 19.6 | 4th | 5.1 | +0.2 | 1.7 | 11th | ||||
Gabo Island Lighthouse | 15.2 | +1.1 | 18.6 | 24th | 5.1 | 23rd | 34.2 | 84.6 | low | 40% | ||
Gelantipy | 10.6 | +1.0 | 16.5 | 5th | 2.4 | +0.2 | -2.6 | 15th | 28.4 | 57.5 | low | 49% |
Lakes Entrance (Eastern Beach Road) | 16.2 | +0.9 | 22.6 | 5th | 6.7 | +1.0 | 2.5 | 3rd | 36.4 | 48.6 | average | 75% |
Mallacoota | 15.9 | +1.0 | 21.3 | 29th | 5.3 | -0.9 | 1.5 | 11th | 37.4 | 79.9 | low | 47% |
Mount Nowa Nowa | 13.9 | +0.9 | 20.1 | 5th | 6.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 12th | 23.6 | 61.3 | low | 38% |
Orbost | 15.6 | +0.5 | 20.3 | 17th | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 23rd | 21.4 | 59.0 | low | 36% |
Point Hicks (Lighthouse) | 15.2 | +1.0 | 21.1 | 29th | 7.6 | -0.6 | 3.6 | 31st | 62.8 | 97.8 | average | 64% |
West Gippsland (district 85) | ||||||||||||
Bairnsdale Airport | 16.0 | +1.4 | 20.8 | 5th | 4.8 | +0.9 | -2.4 | 11th | 26.2 | 47.4 | average | 55% |
Corner Inlet (Yanakie) | 14.0 | 18.2 | 4th | 6.3 | 0.7 | 3rd | 89.6 | |||||
East Sale | 15.3 | +1.5 | 21.0 | 17th | 3.1 | -0.2 | -3.2 | 11th | 35.2 | 40.8 | average | 86% |
East Sale Airport | 15.6 | 21.0 | 17th | 3.2 | -3.1 | 3rd | 33.4 | |||||
Morwell (Latrobe Valley Airport) | 14.5 | +0.9 | 19.8 | 5th | 3.5 | -0.2 | -3.2 | 23rd | 74.0 | 65.1 | average | 114% |
Mount Baw Baw | 2.1 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 3rd | -1.8 | -0.2 | -3.7 | 20th | 118.4 | 157.6 | low | 75% |
Mount Moornapa | 13.5 | +1.4 | 19.9 | 5th | 5.5 | +0.3 | 2.3 | 2nd | 46.2 | 59.5 | average | 78% |
Nilma North (Warragul) | 13.8 | 19.5 | 5th | 4.9 | -2.1 | 2nd | 97.8 | |||||
Pound Creek | 14.3 | +0.4 | 17.9 | 17th | 6.1 | +0.2 | 0.0 | 12th | 95.2 | 85.4 | average | 111% |
Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse | 13.4 | +1.2 | 19.0 | 4th | 9.3 | +0.9 | 6.4 | 21st | 199.2 | 123.3 | v high | 162% |
Yarram Airport | 15.3 | +1.0 | 20.3 | 17th | 4.4 | -0.1 | -3.2 | 3rd | 34.4 | 52.5 | low | 66% |
East Central (district 86) | ||||||||||||
Coldstream | 13.9 | +0.6 | 18.8 | 5th | 4.5 | +0.6 | -3.5 | 2nd | 46.0 | 61.7 | low | 75% |
Cranbourne Botanic Gardens | 14.1 | +0.7 | 18.7 | 5th | 6.0 | -0.2 | 1.0 | 2nd | 101.0 | 71.5 | high | 141% |
Essendon Airport | 14.3 | +1.2 | 18.5 | 27th | 6.6 | +1.2 | -0.1 | 2nd | 14.6 | 43.2 | v low | 34% |
Ferny Creek | 10.0 | 15.0 | 5th | 5.1 | 2.7 | 1st | 80.6 | |||||
Frankston AWS | 13.1 | +0.3 | 17.2 | 5th | 8.3 | +0.3 | 3.1 | 2nd | ||||
Melbourne (Olympic Park) | 14.8 | 19.5 | 27th | 7.8 | 2.4 | 2nd | 19.4 | |||||
Melbourne Airport | 14.1 | +1.0 | 18.8 | 27th | 5.9 | +0.5 | 1.9 | 2nd | 14.6 | 35.5 | low | 41% |
Moorabbin Airport | 14.8 | +1.1 | 19.5 | 5th | 7.4 | +1.2 | 0.0 | 2nd | 33.8 | 61.2 | low | 55% |
Rhyll | 13.8 | +0.5 | 17.4 | 27th | 8.5 | +0.4 | 5.5 | 2nd | 67.4 | 70.0 | average | 96% |
Scoresby Research Institute | 14.4 | +1.4 | 19.4 | 28th | 6.9 | +1.1 | 0.3 | 2nd | 40.4 | 72.9 | v low | 55% |
Viewbank | 14.5 | +0.6 | 19.3 | 5th | 6.5 | +0.6 | -0.3 | 2nd | 19.6 | 48.0 | v low | 41% |
Wonthaggi | 14.4 | +0.8 | 18.2 | 28th | 7.0 | +0.8 | 2.4 | 2nd | 93.6 | 98.8 | average | 95% |
West Central (district 87) | ||||||||||||
Avalon Airport | 15.0 | +0.9 | 19.5 | 27th | 5.7 | +0.6 | -1.2 | 2nd | 26.0 | 38.1 | low | 68% |
Breakwater (Geelong Racecourse) | 14.8 | 19.1 | 27th | 6.6 | 0.2 | 2nd | 41.4 | |||||
Laverton RAAF | 14.9 | +1.2 | 19.9 | 28th | 6.3 | +1.2 | 0.5 | 2nd | 17.6 | 38.5 | v low | 46% |
Sheoaks | 12.7 | +0.5 | 17.7 | 28th | 5.7 | +0.6 | 0.3 | 12th | 47.0 | 40.8 | average | 115% |
North Central (district 88) | ||||||||||||
Castlemaine Prison | 12.1 | +0.4 | 16.1 | 28th | 3.4 | +0.5 | -2.0 | 2nd | 43.1 | 60.6 | low | 71% |
Eildon Fire Tower | 9.4 | +0.2 | 15.0 | 28th | 3.7 | -0.2 | 0.6 | 2nd | 44.8 | 69.0 | low | 65% |
Lake Eildon | 12.8 | +0.8 | 17.9 | 5th | 3.9 | +0.2 | 0.0 | 10th | 60.8 | 93.8 | low | 65% |
Mangalore Airport | 13.3 | +0.8 | 18.1 | 5th | 2.7 | -0.5 | -2.3 | 2nd | 16.8 | 57.2 | v low | 29% |
Maryborough | 12.5 | +0.3 | 16.9 | 5th | 3.2 | -0.2 | -1.8 | 14th | 41.4 | 54.0 | average | 77% |
Redesdale | 13.0 | +1.0 | 17.3 | 28th | 1.8 | -1.2 | -2.8 | 1st | 42.8 | 65.3 | low | 66% |
Wallan (Kilmore Gap) | 9.7 | +0.6 | 14.1 | 19th | 3.5 | -0.5 | 1.1 | 15th | 33.4 | 61.9 | low | 54% |
Western Plains (district 89) | ||||||||||||
Ararat Prison | 12.8 | +1.0 | 17.5 | 28th | 2.9 | -0.5 | -3.9 | 14th | 64.8 | 63.2 | average | 103% |
Ballarat Aerodrome | 10.4 | +0.3 | 14.7 | 28th | 2.8 | -0.4 | -2.7 | 2nd | 68.8 | 66.6 | average | 103% |
Westmere | 12.4 | +0.2 | 17.2 | 27th | 4.3 | -0.1 | -1.2 | 2nd | 48.8 | 55.9 | average | 87% |
West Coast (district 90) | ||||||||||||
Aireys Inlet | 13.6 | +0.2 | 18.0 | 27th | 7.1 | -0.2 | 4.6 | 12th | 75.0 | 69.8 | average | 107% |
Cape Nelson Lighthouse | 13.9 | +0.1 | 18.7 | 27th | 7.9 | -0.5 | 2.1 | 13th | 105.6 | 99.5 | average | 106% |
Cape Otway Lighthouse | 13.2 | +0.2 | 16.6 | 27th | 8.1 | +0.6 | 3.7 | 12th | 140.0 | 106.3 | high | 132% |
Casterton | 13.2 | +0.2 | 19.1 | 27th | 4.6 | -0.3 | -1.9 | 13th | 91.8 | 84.5 | average | 109% |
Colac (Mount Gellibrand) | 11.8 | +0.2 | 16.4 | 28th | 5.1 | -0.2 | 2.7 | 1st | 66.6 | 58.9 | average | 113% |
Dartmoor | 13.5 | 18.5 | 27th | 5.1 | -2.3 | 13th | 112.6 | 109.4 | average | 103% | ||
Hamilton Airport | 12.2 | +0.1 | 17.6 | 28th | 4.3 | -0.1 | -1.5 | 13th | 88.6 | 71.2 | high | 124% |
Mortlake Racecourse | 13.4 | +0.4 | 18.8 | 28th | 4.8 | +0.2 | -0.9 | 12th | 65.4 | 63.4 | average | 103% |
Port Fairy AWS | 14.3 | +0.1 | 19.1 | 27th | 6.4 | -0.6 | 0.7 | 12th | 73.8 | 89.8 | low | 82% |
Portland (Cashmore Airport) | 13.3 | +0.2 | 18.7 | 27th | 6.4 | +0.1 | 0.8 | 14th | 152.0 | 113.2 | high | 134% |
Warrnambool Airport NDB | 13.5 | 0.0 | 18.5 | 28th | 5.5 | 0.0 | -0.7 | 12th | 86.6 | 85.0 | average | 102% |
Extremes Maps Records Summaries Important notes the top
Notes
The Monthly climate summary, generally published on the first working day of each month, lists the main features of the weather in Victoria using the most timely and accurate information available on the date of publication; it will generally not be updated. More extensive discussion of significant weather events, along with later information and data that has had greater opportunity for quality control, will be presented in the Monthly Weather Review.
This statement has been prepared based on information available at 10 am on Wednesday 1 August 2018. Some checks have been made on the data, but it is possible that results will change as new information becomes available.
In some situations, some or all of the rainfall is in the form of hail or snow. In these cases the totals given are for the water equivalent: the depth of liquid water that results from melting any frozen precipitation. There can be significant 'undercatch' of snow in strong winds, meaning the true precipitation can be higher than that reported.
Averages for individual sites are long-term means based on observations from
all available years of record, which vary widely from site to site.
They are not shown for sites with less than 10 years of record, as they cannot then be calculated reliably.
The median
is sometimes more representative than the
mean
of long-term average rain.
The Rank indicates how rainfall this time compares with the climate record for the site,
based on the
decile ranking
(very low rainfall is in decile 1, low in decile 2 or 3,
average in decile 4 to 7, high in decile 8 or 9
and very high is in decile 10).
The Fraction of average shows how much rain has fallen this time as a
percentage of the long-term mean.
Where temperature area averages are mentioned, they are derived from the ACORN-SAT dataset.
Further information
- Media
- media@bom.gov.au (03) 9669 4057
- Enquiries
- helpdesk.climate@bom.gov.au
Unless otherwise noted, all maps, graphs and diagrams in this page are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence