Victoria in spring 2023

Rainfall

  • The area-averaged rainfall total for spring was 155.44 mm, 14.2% below the 1961–1990.
  • Area-averaged spring rainfall totals were above average for parts of the Gippsland districts and scattered areas of northern Victoria, but below average for a large area of the south-west and small areas of the north-east and an area along the Victoria-South Australia border.
  • On 4 October, many sites across the state had their highest spring daily rainfall on record, due to a low pressure trough and cold front that crossed the state between 3rd to 5th bringing widespread rain.
  • Traralgon Creek at Koornalla had its highest total spring rainfall on record at 339.9 mm. Its previous record high was 314 mm in 2011. The long-term spring average rainfall is 201.9 mm.
  • Some sites had their highest total spring rainfall for at least 20 years.

Temperature

  • Area-averaged spring mean maximum temperature was 1.85 °C above the long-term (1961–1990) average, the tenth-warmest since records began (in 1910) and the warmest since 2020.
  • Mean maximum temperatures were above to very much above average across the state and the highest on record for the East Gippsland district.
  • Warmest average spring daytime temperature was 26.4 °C at Mildura Airport, which is 2.3 °C above the long-term average.
  • Coolest average spring daytime temperature was 10.5 °C at Mount Buller, which is 1.9 °C above the long-term average.
  • Mallacoota had its highest spring mean daily maximum temperature on record at 20.5 °C. Its previous highest on record was 20.3 °C in 2020. The long-term average is 19.1 °C.
  • Area-averaged spring mean minimum temperature was 0.38 °C above the long-term (1961–1990) average and the coolest since 2021.
  • During spring, mean minimum temperatures were average to above average for most of the state, but below average for western parts.
  • Falls Creek had the coldest night-time temperature on average this spring at 2.7 °C, which is 0.9 °C above the long-term average.
  • Wilson Promontory Lighthouse had the warmest night-time temperature on average this spring at 11.6 °C, and this was 0.8 °C above the long-term average.

Extremes in spring 2023
Hottest day 40.7 °C at Mildura Airport on 10 Nov
Warmest days on average 26.4 °C at Mildura Airport
Coolest days on average 10.5 °C at Mount Buller
Coldest day -1.6 °C at Falls Creek on 8 Sep
Coldest night -6.8 °C at Falls Creek on 9 Sep
Coolest nights on average 2.7 °C at Falls Creek
Warmest nights on average 11.6 °C at Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse
Warmest night 22.3 °C at Kerang on 11 Nov
Warmest on average overall 18.3 °C at Mildura Airport
Coolest on average overall 6.7 °C at Falls Creek
Wettest overall 621.0 mm at Falls Creek (Rocky Valley)
Wettest day 259.4 mm at Falls Creek (Rocky Valley) on 6 Oct
Strongest wind gust 139 km/h at Mount Buller on 3 Oct

Maps
ObservedAnomalyDecile rank
Total
rainfall
Map of Rainfall totals Map of Percentage of normal rainfall Map of Rainfall deciles
Mean
daily
maximum
temperatures
Map of Mean maximum temperature Map of Anomaly in mean maximum temperature Map of Decile rank of mean maximum temperature
Mean
daily
minimum
temperatures
Map of Mean minimum temperature Map of Anomaly in mean minimum temperature Map of Decile rank of mean minimum temperature

Click on a map to show it full size in a pop-up window


Record highest spring daily rainfall
New record
(mm)
Old
record
Years of
record
Lake Eildon 108.0 on 4 Oct 81.8 on 24 Sep 1916 136
Walhalla 132.4 on 30 Nov 112.3 on 21 Oct 1953 133
Yarroweyah 83.0 on 4 Oct 71.1 on 18 Nov 1912 130
Mansfield (Post Office) 105.4 on 4 Oct 72.9 on 21 Oct 1953 123
Seaspray (Burong) 88.0 on 4 Oct 77.0 on 16 Sep 1993 123
Caniambo 82.0 on 4 Oct 79.5 on 7 Nov 1971 121
Marysville (Post Office) 104.6 on 4 Oct 93.7 on 21 Sep 1959 116
Creightons Creek (Baronga (Creighton's C 90.4 on 4 Oct 78.0 on 4 Oct 1993 86
East Sale 99.2 on 4 Oct 79.0 on 4 Nov 2007 81
Darriman (Tarralangi) 84.0 on 4 Oct 70.0 on 5 Nov 1995 70
Cobram (Goulburn Murray) 90.0 on 4 Oct 55.2 on 24 Nov 1988 66
Erica (Parkers Corner) 97.2 on 4 Oct 93.0 on 16 Oct 1976 63
Buln Buln 70.0 on 4 Oct 53.0 on 27 Nov 1988 55
Stratford 105.2 on 4 Oct 85.2 on 24 Sep 1995 55
Willow Grove 72.2 on 4 Oct 64.4 on 15 Sep 1993 54
Korumburra Sth Gippsland Water 55.0 on 4 Oct 49.0 on 7 Nov 2018 51
Mallacoota 111.6 on 30 Nov 111.0 on 6 Sep 1997 48
Ulupna 87.5 on 4 Oct 60.4 on 4 Oct 1993 47
Noojee (Slivar) 98.2 on 4 Oct 66.0 on 12 Oct 1990 42
Morwell (Latrobe Valley Airport) 96.0 on 4 Oct 57.2 on 12 Nov 1998 40
Noojee Forestry 110.2 on 4 Oct 58.0 on 15 Sep 1993 34
Falls Creek 149.4 on 4 Oct 112.0 on 3 Oct 1998 32
Yarrawonga 53.0 on 4 Oct 52.2 on 14 Nov 2010 31
Mount Hotham 198.8 on 4 Oct 131.4 on 5 Sep 2010 30
Acheron River @ Taggerty 135.4 on 4 Oct 80.4 on 28 Nov 2010 28
Eildon Fire Tower 97.8 on 4 Oct 68.8 on 28 Nov 2010 28
Vesper 120.4 on 4 Oct 65.4 on 23 Nov 2008 26
Balook 137.4 on 30 Nov 86.8 on 13 Nov 2021 25
Gooram (Hillside) 87.0 on 4 Oct 67.2 on 28 Nov 2010 24
Gooram (Morella) 98.2 on 4 Oct 69.8 on 28 Nov 2010 24
Kelvin View (Waterhouse Reservoir) 90.0 on 4 Oct 60.2 on 28 Nov 2010 24
Kithbrook (Balquhain) 94.2 on 4 Oct 73.8 on 14 Oct 2022 24
Merton (Enderlee) 112.4 on 4 Oct 74.8 on 28 Nov 2010 24
Seven Creeks at D/S Polly McQuinns Weir 104.0 on 4 Oct 73.4 on 28 Nov 2010 24
Seven Creeks at Strathbogie 104.2 on 4 Oct 73.4 on 14 Oct 2022 24
Sheans Creek (Heronslea) 89.2 on 4 Oct 59.2 on 14 Oct 2022 24
Avon River @ The Channel 108.6 on 4 Oct 85.4 on 4 Nov 2007 23
Boho (Honeysuckle Ck U/S Violet Town) 89.8 on 4 Oct 80.4 on 13 Oct 2022 23
Edi Upper (Black Range Trout Farm) 107.0 on 4 Oct 80.8 on 5 Sep 2010 23
Euroa (Castle Ck at Telford Bridge) 81.6 on 4 Oct 58.8 on 14 Oct 2022 23
Halls (Buckland River at Twelve Mile) 167.0 on 4 Oct 113.2 on 5 Sep 2010 23
Holland Ck at Wrightley 101.6 on 4 Oct 72.6 on 29 Sep 2011 23
Hurdle Ck at Bobinawarrah 68.6 on 4 Oct 48.6 on 25 Nov 2014 23
Tolmie (Mount Tabletop Repeater) 123.0 on 4 Oct 101.0 on 29 Sep 2011 23
Traralgon Creek at Koornalla 75.6 on 4 Oct 64.5 on 26 Oct 2003 23
Traralgon EPA 89.4 on 4 Oct 42.4 on 6 Nov 2001 23
Whitfield (King River at Cheshunt) 96.2 on 4 Oct 90.6 on 5 Sep 2010 23
Wonnangatta River @ Waterford 76.4 on 4 Oct 58.6 on 4 Sep 2021 23
Boolarra South 64.6 on 4 Oct 54.0 on 23 Nov 2008 22
Bungeet (Highlands) 80.4 on 4 Oct 55.4 on 13 Nov 2022 22
Myrrhee (Boggy Ck at Angleside) 92.4 on 4 Oct 79.4 on 20 Oct 2017 22
Reeves Knob 144.4 on 30 Nov 93.0 on 23 Nov 2008 22
Bald Hill 93.2 on 4 Oct 65.0 on 28 Nov 2010 21
Bloomfield Park (Everton) 65.2 on 4 Oct 60.8 on 14 Nov 2010 21
Carboor Upper 86.6 on 4 Oct 58.8 on 14 Oct 2022 21
Greta West 84.8 on 4 Oct 51.8 on 14 Nov 2010 21
Marysville Golf Course 105.0 on 4 Oct 71.8 on 6 Nov 2001 21
Nhill Aerodrome 41.2 on 24 Nov 37.0 on 26 Oct 2017 21
Ovens River @ Eurobin 91.0 on 4 Oct 61.0 on 14 Nov 2022 21
Rosewhite Fld 76.2 on 4 Oct 54.8 on 13 Nov 2022 21
Glencairn (Barkly River (Glenview)) 116.0 on 4 Oct 61.0 on 28 Nov 2010 20
Jamieson Licola Rd 138.0 on 4 Oct 74.4 on 28 Nov 2010 20
Kanagulk 38.6 on 25 Nov =38.6 on 9 Sep 2016 20
Mount Useful 65.6 on 30 Nov 64.6 on 30 Nov 2007 20
Stump Hill (Barjarg) 92.2 on 4 Oct 77.4 on 28 Nov 2010 20



Record highest spring total rainfall
New record
(mm)
Old
record
Years of
record
Average for
spring
Traralgon Creek at Koornalla 339.8 314.0 in 2011 20 210.9

Highest spring total rainfall for at least 20 years
Observed
(mm)
Most recent
higher
Average for
spring
Walhalla 536.6 690.6 in 1976* 350.7
Gabo Island Lighthouse 282.9 397.3 in 1995* 219.3
Giffard 255.6 =255.6 in 1993* 155.4
Darriman (Tarralangi) 281.1 333.0 in 1995* 184.8

* note: there are gaps in the historical record at this site, so it is possible a higher value has gone unreported




Record highest spring mean daily maximum temperature
New record
(°C)
Old
record
Years of
record
Average for
spring
Mallacoota 20.5 20.3 in 2020 30 19.1

Highest spring mean daily maximum temperature for at least 20 years
Observed
(°C)
Most recent
higher
Average for
spring
Gabo Island Lighthouse 19.3 =19.3 in 1897* 17.2

* note: there are gaps in the historical record at this site, so it is possible a higher value has gone unreported




Summary statistics for spring 2023
Maximum temperatures
(°C)
Minimum temperatures
(°C)
Rainfall
(millimetres)
Mean for
spring
2023
Diff
from
average
Highest for
spring
2023
Mean for
spring
2023
Diff
from
average
Lowest for
spring
2023
Total for
spring
2023
Average
for
spring
Rank of
spring
2023
Fraction of
spring
average
North Mallee (district 76)
Mildura Airport 26.4 +2.3 40.7 10 Nov 10.2 +0.3 0.3 9 Sep 90.7 81.2 average 112%
Ouyen (Post Office) 25.8 +1.9 38.0 10 Nov 9.3 +0.2 0.2 9 Sep 87.8 96.0 average 91%
Walpeup Research 25.9 +2.5 40.0 10 Nov 9.1 0.0 0.1 9 Sep 94.6 94.5 average 100%
South Mallee (district 77)
Hopetoun Airport 25.1 +0.9 38.6 10 Nov 7.3 -0.5 -2.2 9 Sep 73.0 88.1 average 83%
Swan Hill Aerodrome 25.3 +1.1 37.2 10 Nov 8.2 -0.3 0.6 9 Sep 142.4 99.3 high 143%
North Wimmera (district 78)
Kellalac (Warracknabeal Airport) 23.7   37.2 10 Nov 7.0   -0.3 9 Sep 56.6
Nhill Aerodrome 23.0 +0.7 37.3 10 Nov 7.3 -0.5 0.2 9 Sep 122.4 99.1 average 124%
South Wimmera (district 79)
Edenhope Airport 20.9 +0.4 36.2 10 Nov 7.4 -0.7 0.0 26 Oct 102.2 120.5 average 85%
Grampians (Mount William) 12.8 +0.4 26.0 10 Nov 4.5 +0.4 -1.6 9 Sep 237.2 281.0 average 84%
Horsham Aerodrome 22.7 +0.9 36.1 10 Nov 5.7 -0.6 -0.6 27 Oct 108.0 106.6 average 101%
Kanagulk 20.7 +0.5 35.8 10 Nov 7.0 -0.2 0.7 22 Sep 108.2 117.9 average 92%
Longerenong 23.0 +2.0 37.1 10 Nov 6.1 -0.8 -0.8 26 Oct 94.4 112.8 average 84%
Pyrenees (Ben Nevis) 16.5 +0.9 30.0 10 Nov 6.4 +0.3 -0.2 9 Sep 100.8 189.5 low 53%
Stawell Aerodrome 20.9 +0.8 34.1 10 Nov 7.9 +0.1 0.5 2 Sep 80.4 128.3 low 63%
Lower North (district 80)
Charlton 24.3 +1.1 37.1 10 Nov 7.4 -0.6 -0.7 9 Sep 74.4 106.1 average 70%
Kerang 24.9 +2.0 36.6 30 Nov 9.2 +0.3 1.0 9 Sep 92.3 102.7 average 90%
Kyabram 23.3 +1.8 35.8 11 Nov 8.4 +0.6 0.1 9 Sep 105.4 121.2 average 87%
Upper North (district 81)
Bendigo Airport 22.6 +1.8 34.0 10 Nov 7.7 +0.6 -1.1 6 Sep 120.8 139.0 average 87%
Shepparton Airport 23.0 +0.8 35.8 11 Nov 8.5 +0.5 0.4 6 Sep 118.0 119.2 average 99%
Tatura Inst Sustainable Ag 22.3 +1.2 34.4 11 Nov 8.5 +0.7 0.5 9 Sep 115.4 130.2 average 89%
Yarrawonga 23.8 +1.0 38.6 11 Nov 7.6 -0.3 0.1 9 Sep 136.4 132.0 average 103%
Lower Northeast (district 82)
Benalla Airport 22.3 +0.2 35.4 11 Nov 7.7 +0.1 -0.3 6 Sep 200.2 134.4 high 149%
Corryong Airport 22.9 +0.9 32.5 11 Nov 6.4 +0.4 -0.5 6 Sep 134.8 200.1 average 67%
Hunters Hill 17.7 +1.6 28.1 11 Nov 8.2 +1.0 -0.6 9 Sep 214.8 312.5 average 69%
Rutherglen Research 23.4 +2.2 37.5 11 Nov 5.7 -0.7 -1.1 6 Sep 149.8 158.7 average 94%
Strathbogie 19.7 +1.8 31.0 11 Nov 5.8 +0.3 -2.0 6 Sep 210.2 243.1 average 86%
Wangaratta Aero 22.7 +1.1 36.7 11 Nov 6.9 0.0 -0.2 6 Sep 120.6 153.9 average 78%
Upper Northeast (district 83)
Edi Upper 21.1 +0.9 32.8 11 Nov 7.8 +0.5 0.8 6 Sep 223.5 255.8 average 87%
Falls Creek 10.7 +1.8 19.3 11 Nov 2.7 +0.9 -6.8 9 Sep 542.2 397.9 high 136%
Mount Buller 10.5 +1.9 20.9 11 Nov 3.1 +1.3 -5.4 26 Oct 433.0 429.8 average 101%
Omeo 20.3 +1.6 30.1 11 Nov 5.2 -0.1 -3.4 23 Sep 255.2 196.2 high 130%
East Gippsland (district 84)
Combienbar AWS 20.0 +1.5 33.1 11 Nov 8.9 +0.7 2.8 17 Oct 192.6 280.3 low 69%
Gabo Island Lighthouse 19.3 +2.1 34.6 19 Sep     8.4 26 Oct 282.9 219.3 high 129%
Gelantipy 18.1 +1.6 30.1 11 Nov 6.8 +0.6 -0.7 2 Sep 261.6 226.3 average 116%
Lakes Entrance (Eastern Beach Road) 20.2 +0.7 35.2 11 Nov 9.9 +0.3 2.2 3 Sep 265.6 194.1 high 137%
Mallacoota 20.5 +1.4 34.7 19 Sep 11.0 +0.8 4.2 10 Sep 320.4 245.2 high 131%
Mount Nowa Nowa 20.5 +1.5 33.5 11 Nov 9.9 +0.6 4.3 5 Sep 268.6 230.6 average 116%
Orbost 21.1 +1.0 35.6 11 Nov 9.9 +0.5 2.8 3 Sep 165.2 197.5 low 84%
West Gippsland (district 85)
Bairnsdale Airport 21.5 +1.6 34.7 11 Nov 8.4 +0.7 -0.3 3 Sep 249.2 193.6 high 129%
Corner Inlet (Yanakie) 18.2 0.0 28.9 8 Nov 9.7 +0.4 1.3 2 Sep 240.0 219.0 average 110%
East Sale 20.7 +1.4 31.2 11 Nov 8.6 +1.0 0.0 6 Sep 265.4 171.2 v high 155%
East Sale Airport 21.0   31.7 11 Nov 8.5   -0.4 6 Sep 275.6
Morwell (Latrobe Valley Airport) 20.1 +0.5 29.7 8 Nov 8.0 +0.3 -1.8 2 Sep 297.0 223.5 v high 133%
Mount Baw Baw 10.7 +1.7 20.5 10 Nov 3.1 +1.2 -4.3 22 Sep 418.0 489.5 low 85%
Mount Moornapa 20.0 +1.2 31.1 19 Sep 9.3 +0.9 2.9 2 Sep 378.6 257.3 v high 147%
Nilma North (Warragul) 19.3   30.7 10 Nov 8.5   1.1 6 Sep 305.6 282.7 average 108%
Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse 16.6 +0.8 29.8 10 Nov 11.6 +1.5 7.8 9 Sep 264.0 262.3 average 101%
Yarram Airport 20.1 +0.6 30.7 30 Sep 7.7 -0.1 -2.4 2 Sep 266.2 175.4 v high 152%
East Central (district 86)
Cerberus 19.3 +0.7 31.4 7 Nov 9.6 +0.5 1.3 2 Sep 147.8 191.4 low 77%
Coldstream 20.6 +0.6 30.6 10 Nov 8.0 +0.9 0.8 3 Sep 210.4 220.1 average 96%
Essendon Airport 20.9 +1.5 33.7 10 Nov 10.5 +2.0 3.4 2 Sep 117.6 169.4 low 69%
Ferny Creek 17.0 +0.5 27.8 10 Nov 8.5 +0.4 1.9 9 Sep 350.4 368.4 average 95%
Frankston (Ballam Park) 19.7   32.3 10 Nov 10.2   3.6 2 Sep 136.0
Melbourne (Olympic Park) 20.3 +0.1 33.1 10 Nov 11.3 +0.3 3.9 2 Sep 129.2 166.1 average 78%
Melbourne Airport 21.0 +1.5 33.7 10 Nov 9.6 +0.9 1.7 2 Sep 98.4 163.4 low 60%
Moorabbin Airport 20.2 +0.9 32.8 10 Nov 10.3 +0.8 1.9 2 Sep 156.4 197.6 average 79%
Rhyll 19.1 +1.0 27.7 20 Oct 11.4 +0.6 6.7 2 Sep 142.8 190.3 low 75%
Scoresby Research Institute 20.3 +1.2 32.0 10 Nov 9.7 +0.8 1.5 2 Sep 181.4 247.7 low 73%
Viewbank 21.2 +0.7 32.9 10 Nov 9.8 +0.4 1.0 2 Sep 165.8 200.5 average 83%
West Central (district 87)
Avalon Airport 21.0 +0.9 32.8 7 Nov 9.0 +0.6 0.1 3 Sep 83.4 142.2 low 59%
Breakwater (Geelong Racecourse) 20.3 +0.4 32.3 7 Nov 9.8 +0.5 2.5 3 Sep 110.2 155.5 average 71%
Laverton RAAF 20.9 +1.5 33.9 7 Nov 10.2 +1.7 0.9 2 Sep 129.8 157.7 average 82%
Point Cook RAAF 20.2   33.0 7 Nov 10.1   1.1 2 Sep 110.2
She Oaks 19.5 +1.2 32.8 10 Nov 8.0 +0.5 0.4 3 Sep 119.2 166.7 low 72%
North Central (district 88)
Eildon Fire Tower 18.5 +1.4 29.9 23 Nov 8.1 +0.5 1.8 26 Oct 218.4 179.4 high 122%
Lake Eildon 22.0 +1.9 31.8 11 Nov 8.1 +0.6 1.2 2 Sep 240.8 227.0 average 106%
Mangalore Airport 22.2 +1.5 31.8 19 Nov 7.8 +0.3 -1.1 6 Sep 161.6 151.8 average 106%
Maryborough 21.9 +1.7 34.4 10 Nov 7.7 +0.3 -0.8 9 Sep 73.8 141.0 low 52%
Puckapunyal Lyon Hill (Defence) 21.7   31.9 19 Nov 9.1   0.9 9 Sep 136.4
Puckapunyal West (Defence) 20.9   31.9 19 Nov 8.4   1.4 6 Sep 66.4
Wallan (Kilmore Gap) 17.4 +1.0 28.4 10 Nov 7.8 +0.6 2.2 6 Sep 144.6 187.8 average 77%
Western Plains (district 89)
Ararat Prison 20.3 +1.9 33.6 10 Nov 6.9 +0.5 -0.8 2 Sep 78.4 162.2 v low 48%
Ballarat Aerodrome 18.3 +1.5 31.1 10 Nov 6.7 +0.4 -0.9 22 Sep 100.8 193.5 v low 52%
Westmere 19.7 +0.6 34.0 10 Nov 6.0 -0.1 -1.6 29 Oct 78.0 145.4 low 54%
West Coast (district 90)
Aireys Inlet 18.8 +0.7 30.3 30 Sep 10.1 +0.5 4.7 6 Sep 86.6 178.0 v low 49%
Cape Nelson Lighthouse 17.1 -0.2 30.4 11 Oct 11.2 +0.6 5.9 2 Oct 82.0 168.8 low 49%
Cape Otway Lighthouse 16.9 +0.1 28.3 30 Sep 10.8 +1.2 5.6 3 Sep 128.4 233.6 v low 55%
Casterton 19.2 0.0 33.4 10 Nov 7.5 +0.1 -0.2 22 Sep 120.0 159.8 low 75%
Colac (Mount Gellibrand) 18.3 +0.9 31.4 10 Nov 8.4 +0.5 3.0 9 Sep 115.0 150.4 low 76%
Dartmoor 19.6 +0.4 35.6 10 Nov 8.3 +0.3 0.6 22 Sep 125.6 175.8 low 71%
Hamilton Airport 19.0 +0.9 33.6 10 Nov 7.2 +0.3 0.5 29 Oct 129.6 173.3 low 75%
Mortlake Racecourse 19.1 +0.8 33.9 10 Nov 7.3 +0.6 -0.1 22 Sep 103.8 163.3 low 64%
Port Fairy AWS 18.8 +0.5 29.6 30 Sep 10.4 +0.7 2.2 29 Sep 79.0 169.9 lowest 46%
Portland Airport 17.5 +0.5 31.5 10 Nov 9.2 +0.6 2.0 2 Oct 140.0 204.2 low 69%
Warrnambool Airport NDB 18.3 +0.1 32.3 10 Nov 8.2 +0.3 1.4 29 Sep 117.4 193.5 low 61%

Notes

The Seasonal climate summary, usually published in the first week of the following month, lists the main features of the weather in Victoria using the most timely and accurate information available on the date of publication; it will generally not be updated.

This statement has been prepared based on information available at 10 am on Friday 1 December 2023. Some checks have been made on the data, but it is possible that results will change as new information becomes available.

In some situations, some or all of the rainfall is in the form of hail or snow. In these cases the totals given are for the water equivalent: the depth of liquid water that results from melting any frozen precipitation. There can be significant 'undercatch' of snow in strong winds, meaning the true precipitation can be higher than that reported.

Averages for individual sites are long-term means based on observations from all available years of record, which vary widely from site to site. They are not shown for sites with less than 10 years of record, as they cannot then be calculated reliably.
The median is sometimes more representative than the mean of long-term average rain.

The Rank indicates how rainfall this time compares with the climate record for the site, based on the decile ranking (very low rainfall is in decile 1, low in decile 2 or 3, average in decile 4 to 7, high in decile 8 or 9 and very high is in decile 10).
The Fraction of average shows how much rain has fallen this time as a percentage of the long-term mean.

Where temperature area averages are mentioned, they are derived from the ACORN-SAT dataset.

Information about Australian Indigenous seasonal calendars is available at the Indigenous Weather Knowledge website.


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