Climate Model Summary
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Average of international model outlooks for the Niño3.4 index
Average of international model outlooks for the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index
Dial details
The arrows on the dials indicate the combined average of monthly outlooks from a survey of international global climate models. Note that the individual model runs vary around the average.
The ENSO and IOD dials are calculated by simply averaging the ensemble means from all the models surveyed. Values are not representative of the potential spread of the forecast outcomes. Therefore, the dials are intended to be used as a quick reference to determine whether the models are showing a warming trend, a cooling trend, or neither. More information is provided in the graphs presented in other sections.
More information:
Niño3.4 covers the central Pacific region.
Niño3.4 multi-model forecast for the months ahead
Bar graph details
The graphs are based on the ensemble mean for the most recent model run.
These graphs show the average forecast value of Niño3.4 for each international model surveyed for the selected calendar month. If the bars on the graph are approaching or exceeding the blue dashed line, there is an increased risk of La Niña. Similarly, if the bars on the graph are approaching or exceeding the red dashed line, there is an increased chance of El Niño.
Niño3.4 recent observations and multi-model long-range forecast
Timeseries graph details
This timeseries graph shows recent monthly observations, as well as long-range forecasts for the Niño3.4 index from a range of international models. Monthly observations are from the OISSTv2 (1991-2020 base period) dataset, represented by the left side dashed line. Each coloured line to the right represents the ensemble mean forecast from nine international climate models including the Bureau's model. The graph is updated each month, with available data updated fortnightly.
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IOD index multi-model forecast for the months ahead
Bar graph details
The graphs are based on the ensemble mean for the most recent model run.
These graphs show the average forecast value of the IOD index for each international model surveyed for the selected calendar month. If the majority of models are approaching or exceeding the blue dashed line, then there is an increased risk of a negative IOD event. If the majority of models are approaching or exceeding the red dashed line, then there is an increased risk of a positive IOD event.
More information:
Sea surface temperature graphs
Australian climate is influenced by sea surface temperature and atmospheric patterns in the Pacific, Indian and Southern ocean regions. Specific regions are monitored, as they can indicate the presence, or potential development, of ENSO (El Niño/La Niña), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phases and Southern Annular Modes. Pacific and Indian ocean indices are updated fortnightly, but the SAM index can change rapidly so it is updated daily. The first SAM button matches the Niño and IOD fortnightly issue date. During the following fortnight the 'Latest SAM' chart will diverge.
Niño34 predictions for the next 5 months
Niño34 probabilities
Product code: IDCK000073
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Model details
Model selection
All the models included in this page have been documented in the peer-reviewed international scientific literature and have skill in predicting El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean patterns. They are all coupled General Circulation Models, and hence simulate both atmospheric and oceanic processes using physics rather than statistics. Most have been run routinely for a number of years and are subject to regular revision and update with the aim of continuous improvement. They represent the state-of-the-art of climate prediction systems and offer useful guidance up to about nine months. The majority of models used in our survey are formally recognised by the World Meteorological Organization as Global Producing Centres for long-range forecasts.
All models use an ensemble method, where several forecasts are run at the same time using slightly different initial conditions. While all models use ensemble techniques, the number of ensembles differs for each model.
The data presented on these pages is the 'ensemble mean' which is the average of all the model-runs performed by each model, each month. The ensemble mean therefore flattens out the potential forecast outcomes and doesn't show the full spread of the possible forecast scenarios.
More information about these models
[an error occurred while processing this directive]The webpage
This webpage surveys the latest output from several reputable climate models developed at leading international climate agencies. Data from these models is analysed and displayed in graphs and dials to show how temperature patterns in the Indian and Pacific ocean are likely to change over the coming six-months. These patterns in the oceans have been shown to have a significant impact on Australian temperature and rainfall patterns (e.g. cooling of the tropical Pacific Ocean during La Niña events is typically associated with increased rainfall and cooler daytime temperatures in Australia).
When the models are in agreement, then there is higher confidence in the model outlooks. When the models are showing a large spread or large variety of outcomes, there is a larger amount of uncertainty associated with the forecast.
The models
All the models included in this page have been documented in the peer-reviewed international scientific literature and have skill in predicting El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean patterns. They are all coupled General Circulation Models, and hence simulate both atmospheric and oceanic processes using physics rather than statistics. Most have been run routinely for a number of years and are subject to regular revision and update with the aim of continuous improvement. They represent the state-of-the-art of climate prediction systems and offer useful guidance up to about nine months. The majority of models used in our survey are formally recognised by the World Meteorological Organization as Global Producing Centres for long-range forecasts.
Update schedule
The Climate Model Summary is updated on the 12th of each month (or the next working day following the 12th) when model data becomes available. Data for the Bureau's model, ACCESS–S, is updated fortnightly along with several other models that also provide more frequent updates during the month.
The ensemble technique
All models use an ensemble method, where several forecasts are run at the same time using slightly different initial conditions. While all models use ensemble techniques, the number of ensembles differs for each model.
Important note
The data presented on these pages is the 'ensemble mean' which is the average of all the model-runs performed by each model, each month. The ensemble mean therefore flattens out the potential forecast outcomes and doesn't show the full spread of the possible forecast scenarios.
The dials
The ENSO and IOD dials (from the Overview section) are calculated by simply averaging the ensemble means from all the models surveyed. Values are not representative of the potential spread of the forecast outcomes. Therefore, the dials are intended to be used as a quick reference to determine whether the models are showing a warming trend, a cooling trend, or neither. More information is provided in the graphs presented in other sections.
Background information
Related sites
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History
Model data are provided for Bureau of Meteorology use by the agencies detailed in Model Summary – Models. Respective agency copyright applies to these data.
Models indicate increased chance of negative IOD, as La Niña looks to ease over winter
The 2021–22 La Niña continues to weaken with latest observations and outlooks indicating a return to neutral-ENSO by July. All but one of the surveyed models predict neutral, but cooler than average, temperatures in the central tropical Pacific throughout the southern winter. During spring however, the model outlooks show a broader spread in outcomes, with three models indicating a return to La Niña values and four models maintaining neutral-ENSO values. Despite La Niña easing, it's likely that ocean temperature patterns in the Pacific will still contribute to a wetter than average winter across eastern Australia. Model accuracy at this time of year is moderate to high.
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is neutral but index values have been close to the negative IOD threshold for the last five weeks. All model outlooks indicate a negative IOD event is likely to develop in the coming weeks. A negative IOD event can enhance winter and spring rainfall across much of Australia, as well as influencing rainfall patterns in countries around the Indian Ocean basin. Outlook accuracy is typically low during autumn but increases during the winter months. The consistent outlook for a negative IOD across all the surveyed models provides additional confidence in the outlook.
NINO3.4 outlook
The latest weekly NINO3.4 value to 12 June 2022 is −0.4 °C, falling well short of the La Niña threshold (−0.8 °C) and suggesting an easing of La Nina. All but one of the seven surveyed models predict neutral, but cooler than average, temperatures in the central tropical Pacific throughout the southern winter.
During spring however, the model outlooks show a broader spread in outcomes, with one model indicating a return to La Niña values from late winter and two additional models touching on La Niña thresholds from mid-spring. The remaining four models maintain neutral-ENSO values. Despite La Niña easing, it is likely that ocean temperature patterns in the Pacific will still contribute to a wetter than average winter across eastern Australia. Model accuracy at this time of year is moderate to high.
La Niña typically increases the chances of above average rainfall for much of eastern Australia during winter and spring. It is not uncommon to experience some La Niña-like conditions when values are close to La Niña thresholds.
Persistent NINO3.4 values above +0.8 °C typically indicate El Niño, while values below −0.8 °C typically indicate La Niña.
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) outlook
The IOD remains neutral, but the weekly IOD index briefly dipped below negative IOD thresholds in recent weeks. It is currently just shy of the threshold, recording −0.37 °C for the week ending 12 June 2022. All models surveyed indicate a negative IOD event could develop in the coming weeks, with several forecasting strong negative index values developing by August. A negative IOD increases the chance of above average winter-spring rainfall across much of Australia.
Outlook accuracy is typically low during autumn but increases during the winter months. The consistent outlook for a negative IOD across all the surveyed models provides additional confidence in the outlook.
Australian Community Climate Earth-System Simulator–Seasonal (ACCESS–S)
The Bureau of Meteorology's climate model generates a six-month forecast for the NINO and IOD indices each fortnight.
The most recent model run (generated 4 June 2022) indicates sea surface temperature in the central tropical Pacific (NINO3.4) are likely to warm to within the neutral ENSO range in June and remain neutral through to at least the start of the southern spring. Model skill is generally moderate to high at this time of year.
The current outlook for the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) indicates IOD index values are likely to continue to drop during winter, with strong negative values developing by July. Model accuracy for IOD outlooks at this time of year is relatively low but steadily improves during winter. A negative IOD event typically enhances winter and spring rainfall across much of Australia.
The forecast values, shown below in bold, are for the model's ensemble mean.
Product code: IDCKGL0000
Unless otherwise noted, all maps, graphs and diagrams in this page are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence
